Classical Conditioning, Operant Conditioning, and...

Our understanding of classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and observational learning has allowed us to unlock many of the answers we sought to learn about human behavior. Classical conditioning is a technique of behavioral training, coined by Ivan Pavlov, which basically states that an organism learns through establishing associations between different events and stimuli. This helps us understand human behavior in an assortment of ways. It makes it clear that almost everything we do is based on patterns of stimulus and response. For example, if you were bitten aggressively by a dog as a child, you may be still scared of dogs today. That is because the dog caused you pain, which in turn caused you have anxiety towards dogs.†¦show more content†¦It is one of the basic aspects of human behavior that drives the conscious mind in its decisions. Observational learning is another simple behavioral training technique. It’s as simple as its name, you learn by watching others. For example, let’s say you are trying to learn to balance a book on your head. You’ve been watching your parent do it and you try it out as well by imitating their behaviors that you previously observed. That’s a basic example of learning by observation. This helps us better understand human behavior in this way: it tells us that humans observe other behavior and try to imitate it in order to achieve the same, or a similar effect. That is another basic aspect of human behaviors that also occurs on a daily basis. Each of these learning theories can be applied to help us form strategies to change or adapt behavior. Operant conditioning can be used to try and influence behaviors. For example, teaching someone to clean a window by positively reinforcing them when they do it correctly and punishing them when they do not. Classical conditioning can also be applied quite simply. For instance, you can pair pain with cows to teach someone to always fear cows. Observational learning is also much of the same thing. If you want someone to learn a new behavior or change a previous one, all you have to is have them mimic yours. They willShow MoreRelatedClassical Conditioning, Operant Conditioning And Observational Learning Essay914 Words   |  4 Pagesare three ways, according to Experience Psychology 3rd Edition, for organisms to learn – Classical Conditioning, Operant Conditioning and Observational Learning. In Classical Conditioning, it involves the association between a neutral stimulus and a n innate stimulus of organisms, and a response is produced when these two stimuli came in contact. Slightly different from Classical Conditioning, Operant Conditioning woks in a way when a behavior is determined by the consequences of the outcomes. To putRead MoreClassical Conditioning, Operant Conditioning And Observational Learning1702 Words   |  7 PagesLearning is a relatively lasting behavior through experience. There are three major types of learning: classical conditioning, operant conditioning and observational learning. Classical conditioning is a process of learning where an association is formed between a neutral stimulus and a stimulus that evokes a response naturally. Operant conditioning is a learning process using reinforcement or punishment of certain behaviors. Observational learning is where the process of learning happens throughRead MoreClassical Conditioning And Operant Conditioning1492 Words   |  6 Pages To expand upon the concepts of the two forms of conditioning listed above, three additional principals not previously listed for the sake of convenience are present in both forms of conditioning; these three principals-extinction, spontaneous recovery, and stimulus discrimination-are among the number of basic principals of conditioning that are found in most forms of conditioning. To explain, Extinction refers to the process by which the steady weakening or diminishment of a conditioned responseRead MoreLearning Experience Paper : Smoking Cessation Essay1185 Words   |  5 Pages Learning Experience Paper: Smoking Cessation Throughout one’s lifetime, an individual undergoes a magnitude of various learning experiences, all of which serve as a shaping agent, consequently forming personality traits that are unique to each human being. Examining this fact further, what does learning mean, precisely? Namely, the definition of learning is the resulting change in behavior or knowledge that occurs through experienceRead More The Process of Learning Essay1107 Words   |  5 PagesLearning Learning is more than a person sitting at a desk and studying off a book. Everything that we do is a result of what we have learned. We respond to things that happen to us, we act and experience consequences from our behavior, and we observe what others say and do. Psychologists explain our many experiences with basic learning processes. â€Å"Learning is a relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs through experience (Santrock, p.146).† By learning how to use a computer you willRead MoreLearning: Classical Conditioning1132 Words   |  5 PagesLearning Learning is more than a person sitting at a desk and studying off a book. Everything that we do is a result of what we have learned. We respond to things that happen to us, we act and experience consequences from our behavior, and we observe what others say and do. Psychologists explain our many experiences with basic learning processes. Learning is a relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs through experience (Santrock, p.146). By learning how to use a computer youRead More psychology and learning Essay1182 Words   |  5 Pagesin which they are learning and what they have to learn. One form of learning is known as conditioning. Conditioning emphasises the relationship between stimuli and responses. The two types of conditioning found are Classical conditioning and Operant conditioning. Learning may occur in different ways. Psychologists have distinguished between different types of learning, these being Observational Learning and Insight Learning. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Classical conditioning refers to a simpleRead MoreApplying Operant Conditioning to Human Behaviour Essay591 Words   |  3 PagesApplying Operant Conditioning to Human Behaviour Operant conditioning is when a way of learning by consequence. To put it basic, an action which is rewarded is more likely to be repeated, along with an action that is punished is less likely to be repeated. To apply this to an example of human behaviour, young children may have shaped behaviour due to operant conditioning; where desireable behaviour is rewarded (e.g. by giving a toy) the behaviour is being positivelyRead MoreLearning Principles Classical Conditioning And Observational Learning1080 Words   |  5 PagesReading skills are essential to learning all other subjects taught in school. The sharper the reading skills children have and the earlier they accumulate them will determine how rapidly and how well they will achieve in school. That is why it is very crucial to get students motivated to read at a young age. Research has consistently shown that children who are exposed to reading or who read regularly gather long term benefits such as better academic performance, a mastery of language, better communicationRead MoreThere Are Many Types Of Conditioning That People Used To1427 Words   |  6 PagesThere are many types of conditioning that people used to learn things. The first type of condition that we talk about in this paper is classical condition. The second type of conditioning is called operant conditioning. And the last type of conditioning is vicarious conditioni ng / Observational Learning. These are the 3 main types of conditioning that we use in are daily life. Classical Conditioning Classical conditioning is one of the most basic forms of learning that we use today. You can see it

Business Plan Car Wash - 13876 Words

Sparkle and Gleam Car Wash Business Plan Business Plan Prepared By Heidi Putzen President 12345 W. 98 St. Copperville, StateA 00000 000-555-0000 Date Prepared June 200B TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY MANAGEMENT AND ORGANIZATION Management team Compensation and ownership Contracts and franchise agreements Board of directors/advisory council Infrastructure Insurance Employee stock option plan and other incentives Organization charts PRODUCT AND SERVICE PLAN Purpose of the product or service Unique features Stage of development Future research and development Trademarks, patents, copyrights, licenses, royalties Government approvals Product and service limitations Product liability Related services and spin-offs†¦show more content†¦She is vice president of operations, and will continue to work until SG opens. Formerly, Heidi was employed as a marketing manager for a real estate company. She will handle all day-to-day operations, buying of supplies and marketing of the business. Custodial service, grounds upkeep, machine servicing and repair and maintenance will either be outsourced or handled by a part-time employee. Venture Market The site of SG is the most important factor in the success of the business. All factors have been considered, and the corner of Leeds Parkway and Dunbrooke Road in Copperville, StateA has been selected. This location is situated on the northwest corner of the intersection of two major thoroughfares in this pivotal bedroom community. This site is particularly well-suited for a car wash. The intersection of these two six-lane thruways is on the northern edge of a busy mini-mall of groceries, sundries and specialty shops. Corporate campuses surround the area, along with upscale multi-family developments of condominiums, duplexes and apartments as well as single-family developments. The closest competitor is a full-service tunnel carwash located an inconvenient 3.5 miles from the center of commercial activity. 4 Venture Operations According to the Car Wash Institute, the self-service car wash industry attributes the following factors to successful operations: ⠝â€" Density of populationShow MoreRelatedCar Wash Business Plan9082 Words   |  37 PagesThe Dirt Buster was designed by entrepreneurs wishing to provide a high quality car wash service in a virtually untapped market. Because new construction is necessary, a large amount of initial capital is required for this venture . * EXECUTIVE SUMMARY * MARKET/MARKETING * BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE * MARKET ANALYSIS * POSITION * FINANCIAL DATA * ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT * MISCELLANEOUS ISSUES * OWNERSHIP * CRITICAL RISKS AND PROBLEMS: DESCRIPTIONRead MoreEssay about Business Plan for a Car Wash3411 Words   |  14 Pages1.0 BUSINESS PROFILE 1.1 Business Description Modern people are very busy and they often neglect to clean their cars, and sometimes the limited living space also is the problem for the people who want to clean their car but they do not have space to clean their car, especially in Taiwan. Therefore, the car wash shops are increasing quickly, and people are happy to send their cars there. In Taiwan, hand-washing cars is more popular, because the customers think using hands to wash is softer. ItRead More Costs, revenue and breaking even Essay811 Words   |  4 PagesINTRODUCTION In this part of the coursework I will be looking at costs, revenue and breaking even. To do this we will have to work out our fixed costs, variable costs, expected total revenue, the amount of cars needed to break even and whether we make a profit or loss. A Business Plan Material and Equipment Fixed costs All of these materials and supplies will be bought from a local D.I.Y shop. * 4 sponges incl. 1 revolving sponge: -  £32 * 4 buckets: -Read MoreBusiness Description1062 Words   |  5 Pagesthis is only for the business plan. If we do this for real, habis la hahaha. The exact address; jalan teknokrat 5 next to old town? This information you can get it from Yvonne. She told me that she found a location. Possibly it is beside to old town or near that area. Is the price for the whole carwash rm8? Or just washing only Th price for our wash will be 10 ringgit. For lorry and trucks, the price will be 15 ringgit. Polish and waxing will be 100 for hatchback and sedan cars. For MPV and SUVRead MoreIntroduction And Summary Of The Business Plan1327 Words   |  6 Pages 1. Introduction and Summary of the Business Plan I have always wanted to run my own business. I now feel that I have found my calling. I have saved up some money to set it up and am ready to start. This is a company that I really passionate and excited about. The business will be named Carleaner and will be a car and bike wash including repairs and waxes. The reason this service will be unique is that instead of you coming to us we will be specialising in fitting around the busy lifestyle of LondonersRead MoreI. Case Title: Sammy’s Motor Repair Shop: in the Beginning1169 Words   |  5 Pagesshop. He prodded his uncle to expand his business but his advice was not heeded. He thinks that the motor repair business is growing steadily. He noticed that the new car models are operated with electronic systems installed in them. Sammy believes that repair and maintenance of the new car models cannot be served adequately by repair shops existing in the area. Sammy immersed himself into learning the care and maintenance of electronic installations in cars. He also acquired the skills necessaryRead MoreWhat I Learned At The School Of Business And Apply As A Manager1480 Words   |  6 Pagesmanager at the wash. I never really wanted to because I didn t want work to interfere with school. However, about 5 weeks ago I took the job offer. I am now a part time manager at the wash soon to be full time. I thought this would be a great opportunity for me to take what I learned throughout the college of business and apply as a manager. Stepping into the managerial role I now get to wear a burgundy shirt rather than blue, get to set my own hours and get set of keys to the wash. However, steppingRead MoreTwin Cities Car Wash Marketing Plan1941 Words   |  8 PagesExecutive Summary Twin Cities Car Wash will be the go to car wash for the Apple Valley, MN area. The car wash options in the area leave much to be desired and Twin Cities Car Wash will be looking to fill that void. No longer will customers have to wait in line at single, automatic washes for a less than stellar wash. Twin Cities Car Wash will offer multiple wash bays that will use top of the line soaps and materials that will leave vehicles spotless. A separate wash bay for boats and recreationalRead MoreInventory Contro;1503 Words   |  7 Pagesapplications are a significant part of its sale, Harvey Industries is primarily an assembler of equipment for coin operated self-service car wash systems. The typical car wash is of concrete block construction with an equipment room in the center, flanked on either side by a number of bays. The cars are driven into the bays where the owner can wash and wax the car, utilizing high-pressure hot water and liquid wax. A dollar bill changer is available to provide change for the use of the equipment andRead MoreMcs: Olympic Car Wash603 Words   |  3 PagesManagement Control Systems Case: Olympic Car Wash The company and the bonus distribution The Olympic Car Wash Company is situated in Belgium and has 30 locations, each with a general manager. One of the locations is located in Aalst, which will base this assignment. The chief operating officer, Jacques Van Raemdonck, is also responsible for the performances of the locations as well as the distribution of the bonus pools, both being carried out after each quarter. The bonuses are exposed

Acl Reconstruction Graft Information Free Essays

string(40) " often less initial quadriceps atrophy\." Graft report Patellar graft The patellar tendon bone-tendon-bone graft has been the â€Å"gold standard† graft choice for ACL reconstructions since it became common practice in the mid-1980. It has been used extensively by surgeons since that time and still remains the graft of choice for a high number of orthopedists who perform this surgery regularly. The patellar tendon graft has consistently demonstrated excellent surgical outcomes with a 90-95% success rate in terms of returning to pre-injury level of sports. We will write a custom essay sample on Acl Reconstruction Graft Information or any similar topic only for you Order Now A patellar tendon graft is harvested through a 3-4†³ long incision based just along the medial border of the tendon†¦ The middle third of the tendon 10-11 mm wide is then removed along with 2-2. 5 cm long bone blocks still apart of the tendon at each end of the graft from the tibial tubercle and the outer surface of the patella. This gives a composite bone-tendon-bone graft that has very strong insertion points of the tendon soft tissue into bone. The tensile strength of this graft has been measured by Noyes (1984) to be about 2950 Newton’s to failure, versus the strength of an intact ACL at 2160 N. What happens to the remaining patellar tendon after a third of it has been removed? Over the course of three to four months after surgery the tendon regenerates or â€Å"grows back†. Initially it seems to overgrow into a thick, large tendon that then remodels back to a more normal contour by 12-18 months postoperatively. Surgeons have even been able to re-harvest another patellar tendon graft from the original tendon once enough time has passed for tendon reconstitution (although there’s now evidence that this repaired tissue may not be as strong as normal patellar tendon tissue). Patellar tendon ruptures at the donor site are unlikely after the first few months post-op. Patellar tendon ruptures can and do occur however during the initial 6-8 weeks after surgery if the remaining tendon is stressed too hard. One of the advantages of this construct is that because the bone-tendon interface is quite strong, the surgeon only has to fix the block of bone in the bone tunnel rather than trying to fix the soft tissue itself. A headless screw is inserted next to the bone plug (like a square peg in a round hole) to interference fit and locks the bone in place. The patellar tendon fibers are thereby immediately secured and are stable enough to begin motion and weight bearing when tolerated. The ends of the graft heal bone-to-bone in around 6-8 weeks, which appears to be quicker than the healing process for soft tissue-to-bone. Interference screws are now available in a bioresorbable material that actually dissolves within the bone over 2 to 3 years. The â€Å"gold standard† graft isn’t perfect, however. There may be more pain associated with this donor site than from any of the other graft choices. As a result there is sometimes a greater initial atrophy or wasting response of the quadriceps muscle compared to say either a hamstring or cadaver allograft. This can require more prolonged physical therapy to recover from and could possibly delay the initial return to sports. The incision (scar) is bigger, and almost all patients end up with a permanent loss of sensation 2-3†³ in size just lateral to the incision. There is a risk of patellar tendon ruptures, as well as fracturing the patella both intraoperative as well as postoperatively, although bone grafting the defect in the patella at the time of surgery has reduced the incidence of the latter. Patients who kneel a lot for a living are often unhappy with the patellar tenderness and sensitivity that can occur at the incision site and should probably consider an alternative graft choice. One of the bigger issues with patellar tendon grafts that recently has a number of orthopedists switching to alternative grafts is the incidence of anterior knee pain when patients try to resume athletic activities. Specifically there are some studies5 showing an increased rate of patellofemoral pain and/or tendonitis of the patellar tendon with stairs, jumping, skiing and other such activities 6-12 months out from surgery. Ultimately these are often treatable with continued strengthening, rest from sports, and time, but these symptoms can delay the expected time of return to sports. In summary, the patellar tendon BTB graft is a safe and effective option for ACL reconstruction. It has a consistently successful clinical track record at all levels of athletic activity with excellent outcomes and reproducible results. Its major disadvantages are primarily increased tenderness kneeling on the donor incision site, and the possible risk of problems with patellar and patellar tendon pain upon initial return to sports. Semitendinosus Semitendinosus grafts are made with the semitendinosus tendon either alone, or accompanied by the gracilis tendon for a stronger graft. The semitendinosus is an accessory hamstring (the primary hamstrings are left intact), and the gracilis is actually not a hamstring, but an accessory adductor (the primary adductors are left intact as well). The two tendons are commonly combined and referred to as a four strand hamstring graft, made by a long piece. which is removed from each tendon. The tendon segments are folded and braided together to form a quadruple thickness strand for the replacement graft. The braided segment is threaded through the heads of tibia and femur and its ends fixated with screws on the opposite sides of the two bones. Hamstring grafts require a smaller incision and are usually less painful to harvest. Thus the initial postoperative period is often easier and more comfortable with this graft choice. Similarly, because there is no violation of the patellar tendon, there seem to be fewer problems with knee pain during the first few months that a patient is allowed to return to sports. The hamstring incision is away from the patella so patients are usually comfortable kneeling after their reconstruction. Because the quadriceps extensor mechanism isn’t violated with a hamstring harvest there is often less initial quadriceps atrophy. You read "Acl Reconstruction Graft Information" in category "Essay examples" With a quicker return of knee quadriceps strength some surgeons are allowing their fully recovered patients to return to sports a month or two earlier than they might for a patellar tendon BTB graft.. However there have not been any scientific studies examining the tensile strength to failure of a human ACL graft at three months after implantation that would support this approach. Certainly the animal research done on patellar tendon tensile strength in rhesus monkeys suggested that the graft was actually weakest at 3 months out before maturing at 6 months post-surgery. However the truth is that soft tissue-to-bone healing occurs at a slower rate than bone-to-bone healing. A number of surgeons are concerned that this fact is being ignored when patients are placed into an accelerated rehab without allowing extra time for the graft ends to begin to heal to the bone tunnels another disadvantage of hamstring tendon grafts is that harvesting them is a technically demanding procedure that requires considerable surgical experience. Pitfalls such as transecting (cutting in half) a tendon or injuring nerves or ligaments in the area of dissection are possible during the stripping process. There is also a different technique for tensioning the hamstring tendon in the knee once the femoral end has been secured. The graft needs to be pre-tensioned and it’s important that each of the four graft ends be individually tensioned during the tibial fixation for best results. Allographs Another alternative available however is to use tissue from a cadaver that is called an allograft. Patellar tendon, hamstring tendon, and even Achilles tendon allografts can be used as ACL graft tissues and are inserted and fixed with the same techniques that are used for autografts. The advantages of using cadaver graft tissue are obvious; no risks, pain, or scars from the donor site. Surgical time is quicker and because there is considerably less discomfort postoperatively, the incidence of joint stiffness and atrophy of the quadriceps muscle is significantly reduced. Allografts are a good choice when there are limitations in a patient’s own tissue availability. Complicated multiple ligament reconstructions needing several grafts routinely require the use of allograft tissue in addition to an autograft. Revision ACL reconstructions where an autograft has already been harvested are also an indication for using a cadaver grafts.. The biggest concern with using allografts is the risk of contracting a serious infection from the cadaveric tissue. Hepatitis and HIV can be transmitted through these tissues with potentially fatal outcomes. Bacterial infections are also a possibility and although not usually life threatening, can result in loss of the graft and cause subsequent arthritis. The dilemma with allografts is that they can’t be 100% sterilized without altering or even destroying the tensile strength of the graft tissue. Imagine what happens to any food that is pressure-cooked at temperatures over 270 ° F under pressure for 10 minutes and you’ll understand what happens to a patellar tendon graft sterilized in an autoclave. Similarly, radiating grafts with high enough doses to kill viruses has been shown to alter the collagen tissue and reduce the graft’s tensile strength. Currently the preferred allograft treatment technique is a fresh frozen graft; the tissue is harvested, cleaned and then frozen in liquid nitrogen. The cadaver is screened extensively with hepatitis and HIV testing as well as a life style analysis to identify any high-risk behavior for these illnesses. Blood tests for HIV, however, are not infallible because they can lag 6 months between the time of infection and the conversion to a positive test. Nevertheless, the process is fairly safe and the published rate of contracting HIV from these tissue allografts is between 1 in 1. 2 to 2 million. There are some graft procurement companies who are able to do actual direct HIV viral testing on their tissues which lowers the risks even more. And several companies have developed proprietary cleaning techniques that they claim can guarantee sterility of their graft tissues. Some grafts are also treated with low dose irradiation (1-2 Mrads) in a compromise attempt to provide some degree of sterilization without damaging the tissue characteristics. Unfortunately there are some studies indicating that ACL reconstructions using these tissues may stretch out over time so non-irradiated grafts would be the ideal structural choice if infection were not a concern. Unlike organ transplants, allografts aren’t usually at risk for tissue rejection by the host. This is because there’s very little protein antigen in these washed grafts (the bone ends are completely cleansed of any marrow elements). The majority of the grafts are primarily made up of collagen, which has very low antigenicity. Laboratory studies have shown that there is universally a low grade immune reaction to insertion of these foreign tissues, but this doesn’t appear to be clinically significant in terms of achieving a successful outcome. Bone tunnel widening is sometimes seen with the use of allografts, but similar to the case of hamstring grafts, doesn’t seem to have any significance in terms of functional problems. There are some early studies suggesting that allografts take longer to heal in the knee than comparable autograft tissue. At the same time the patient is recovering from the surgery quicker because of the reduced pain and morbidity of not having donated their own graft tissue. Typically allograft patients will feel like they’re ready to get back into sports in just 3 or 4 months since their full strength and joint mobility are often achieved at that point. The combination of delayed allograft incorporation with an accelerated recovery can obviously spell disaster in terms of the ACL graft stretching or rupturing altogether. So patients with allografts must completely understand the healing process and comply with the temporary restrictions even though they may think their bodies are telling them it’s OK to be doing more athletically. It takes a lot of mental discipline. And obviously it’s a misconception that an athlete can return to sports earlier using an allograft in view of the above. The last disadvantage of allografts relates to the practical issues of cost and availability. There has been a national shortage of patellar tendon allografts due to increasing demand combined a low supply of suitably qualified cadavers. This shortage has been created in part by physicians who routinely use allografts as their first choice for ACL reconstruction grafts in spite of the fact that autograft tissues work wonderfully. Other cadaveric tissues such as hamstrings, Achilles tendons, and even anterior tibialis and posterior tibialis tendons (some of the ankle tendons) are often being used instead of patellar tendons due to this availability issue. Some surgeons simply don’t have ready access to the facilities that procure and process allografts. And allografts are expensive, running anywhere from $2000 to $10,000 depending on the tissue type and your geographic location My Choice If I needed to go into surgery for an ACL reconstruction surgery and I had to choose from one of these graft options, I would choose to go with the semitendinosus graft. I would shy away from the allograft mainly because I am uncomfortable with the whole idea of donor replacements being implanted in my body. Along with the great threat of infection the allograft also tends to be hard to obtain with a nationwide shortage of acceptable cadavers, therefore making them very expensive. When comparing the patellar graft and the semitendinosus graft its hard to find much of a difference in the results, both offer good knee stability with minimal adverse effects after surgery. However, the semitendinosus graft affects a much different and less major tendon group, in return providing less knee related problems after surgery therefore giving it the advantage over the patellar graft in my eyes. How to cite Acl Reconstruction Graft Information, Essay examples

Reservation System in India free essay sample

Reservation System in India The concept of reservation was enshrined in the Constitution to allow the so-called deprived classes to come at par with the so-called privileged ones. The Constitution of India allows this kind of positive discrimination in order to bring about equality of opportunity and status in the society. The founding fathers had never intended Reservation to be a temporary phenomenon. Reservations to the underprivileged were to be extended until they were uplifted socially and stabilized economically. Reservations with the view of helping the deprived classes to gain a better footing and avail equal benefits of an independent and free nation was introduced in the system. Yet, the various governments till now have failed to truly uplift the backward sections of the society and failed to provide them with equal opportunities even after 60 years of independence. Freedom and application of a reservation policy, has changed nothing. In reality, reservation has failed at all fronts. We will write a custom essay sample on Reservation System in India or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Not only has it failed to achieve the desired aim of bringing the non-privileged classes into mainstream, it has marginalised them all the more and deepened the caste system even more. Moreover, reservations is now used not as an effective means of eliminating discrimination but as a vile instrument of increasing the vote-bank. The 93rd amendment and the recent declaration of the government for reservation in institutions of higher education has once again stirred the anger of the youth in general all over the country. The moral ground in favour of reservations still holds good. What is needed is to formulate a well-balanced policy of reservation, which opens equal doors of opportunity to all. Development of one section of the society should not be at the cost of the other section. Development of the society can be possible only if all the sections of the society are given equal opportunities. Opportunity for development should be judiciously distributed among all the sections of society. Opportunity in education, jobs and other fields of life should be equally distributed. The present decision of the government regarding the reservation policy has angered the youth because it triggers the development of one section of the society while pushing another into oblivion. Moreover, as the Supreme Court has put a stay on the implementation, the controversy has deepened. The country seems to be divided into two bi-polar thought streams— one supporting reservations and another dead against it. If one takes a look at the issue objectively one will realize that the intention behind reservations is not faulty at all but it is the implication and the application of it that has proved ineffective. The way reservation has been implemented all these years has deepened and aggravated the caste distinctions in the society, marginalised the poor and the needy and has benefited only the topmost layer of the so called Backward classes. The benefit of reservation has failed to trickle down to the lowest section of the society. Moreover, it has killed the spirit of brotherhood and healthy competition, the desire to surge forward and to work hard. Reservations based on the narrow concept of caste is thus, fundamentally wrong and hence has proved to be a failure. Thus, it is time to introspect, while keeping aside the greed of political mileage and think objectively about where things have gone wrong. It seems that nobody really cares about the welfare of the underdog but wants to gain a bit of the large chunk of political boost for the next elections. Reservation should not be forsaken because, in fact, every one wants that society should develop as a whole and everyone should reap the benefits of development. But reservations instead of being caste-based to meet the political needs of our power hungry politicians, should be based on a more acceptable criteria through which every section of the society is benefited. For instance, it can be based on economic status or anything else that can work truly for our society and state. We should take a lesson from the United States in this regard. It is the most market-oriented country and has a policy of affirmative action. US universities and the government give preference to Black and Hispanic applicants in admission as well as jobs. Yet the US economy remains among the most competitive in the world. The trick lies in undertaking affirmative action by providing incentives rather than quota-based restrictions. The US has long abandoned the quota system for affirmative action. They have put in place a point system under which candidates from among the Blacks, backward regions, immigrants, etc. are given a few extra points in admission and appointment procedures. This leads to nominal increase in the cost of production. The additional points only lead to nominal lowering of standards. In contrast, the quota system can lead to a heavy lowering of standards. Similar, is the case in South Africa where the new constitution envisages a programme of affirmative action. We need to identify the ones who are really needy, downtrodden a nd under privileged. Then, we need to provide them with proper incentives such as education, opportunities and financial backing. After that real talent and hardwork should be awarded and accepted instead of blindly guaranteeing anyone a secure future merely on the basis of caste even though he/she is least deserving. Merit should be the criteria because the country needs the best of its people in order to develop and not those who are harnessing the unmerited and undeserved benefits just because they belong to a section of society which has been luckily marked in the Constitution as under-developed. It is so disheartening to see a well deserving candidate with a promising future to lose out to another less deserving candidate because he happens to be from a reserved section of the society-fortunately or unfortunately. Why should a deserving individual suffer only because he happens to be a part of the so-called privileged class of society-unfortunately or merely because of the faulty policy of the state? Nothing much has changed since the past 60 years proving that we have misdirected our energies in the wrong direction. We have failed utterly in bringing the under-privileged at an equal footing with the rest of the society. Rather, many a times, it seems that the reservation policy tries to avenge the wrong done to the non-privileged all these years. We have successfully paralysed a section of the society permanently and blocked their upward mobility by killing their zeal to work hard and be rewarded. Who will want to work hard if one gets an opportunity and other incentives without burning the midnight oil? Instead of encouraging this kind of lethargy, the policy should be formulated in such a way as to harness the real cream of every section of the society regardless of their caste or community for the betterment of the society. In view of the present scenario, it is needed to keep aside the narrow vote bank politics and think truly for the betterment of the under-privileged and honestly pursue! policies and programmes for their upliftment.

English Essay, intertextuality

English Essay, intertextuality Childhoods End and Columbine Whose Fault Is ItMy reading of "Childhoods End" by Lance Morrow did not influence my understanding of the issues raised in "Columbine: Whose Fault is it?" by Marilyn Manson. It did not influence my understanding of the issues in Manson's article as Lance Morrow's article did not persuade me to think any certain way about the issues presented. Lance Morrow did not "bias" or "influence" my position on violence or guns, and hence didn't influence what I read in Manson's article.The article "Columbine: Whose fault is it" describes gun violence in today's society. Whilst Manson probably wrote it to stop people from blaming teenage violence on his music, there are also many other meanings and issues aside from this. It goes pretty deep into discussing violence in our world. It says that "we applaud the creation of a bomb whose sole purpose is to destroy all of mankind", and that "America puts killers on the cover of Time magazine.English: Marilyn Manson at the Eurockà ©ennes of 20...Although Mr Manson does state that times are not becoming more violent, just more televised, the fact is that media coverage has the potential to brainwash children into believing violence is "OK". It can sway them towards pulling the trigger on a gun, because they've seen it so many times on TV. This is what Manson tells us towards the end, "kids are growing up more cynical; they have a lot of information in front of them." "There's nowhere to run." So really, this shows that violence is on the rise, and it's the medias fault. They're practically 'teaching' us how to be violent. "The media, since their inception, have turned criminals into heroes".We try and find a reason to justify killing. That may be by blaming it on "evil" music...

Do You Need SAT Scores to Transfer Colleges

Do You Need SAT Scores to Transfer Colleges SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Determining all the different requirements for transferringcolleges can be a huge hassle. One of the most common questions students have is whether theyneed to submit SAT scores to apply as transfer students. There’s no single answer to this question, but this guide will explain some common policies about SAT scores for transfer applicants, how to determine whether you need to submit SAT scores, and how much attention schools pay to these scores when they also have your grades from another college. Do You Need to Submit SAT Scores as a Transfer Applicant? As I touched on above, the answer to this question really depends on the school you’re applying to. Some schools don’t require SAT scores for any transfer students, some only want standardized test results from students who haven’t completed a minimum number of credits, and some ask for test scores from all applicants. In general,very selective schools and small liberal arts colleges are more likely to require test scores, while bigger state universities are more likely to waive the requirement.Also, if you’ve been out of high school for more than five years or if taking the SAT represents an undue financial burden, most schools will waive any SAT requirements. The following chart details the transfer applicant test score requirements for a range of schools to give you a sense of the type of policies you might encounter. Schools are listed alphabetically and all credits are in semesters. School Requires SAT? Exceptions / Notes CU Boulder Yes Exempt if you've completed at least 24 college credit hours Dartmouth Yes May submit testing waiver if taking the SAT/ACT will pose a hardship for you Georgetown Yes Exempt if you graduated high school at least five years before you intend to matriculate Harvard Yes None Middlebury Yes Must send original high school scores University of California No - University of Illinois Yes Exempt if you've completed 30 college semester hours (but test scores are still recommended for under 59 graded credit hours) University of Washington Yes Exempt if you have 40 or more transferable credits USC Yes Exempt if you've completed at least 30 semester units of college coursework UT Austin No - Obviously, this chart is far from comprehensive. Since, as you can see, testing policies vary quite a bit, you’ll need to find outwhethertheschools you’re applying to require transfer applicants to submit SAT scores. Start by checking the section of the school's website for transfer applicants. Some schools have a specific page about standardized test scores.If you can't find anything on these pages, look at the application checklist or FAQ pages. If you’re really struggling to find any information on test scores for transfer applicants, search on Google for "[School Name] transfer SAT scores." You might have to try a couple of the links, but usually this approach will eventually get you to the page you need. If you’re transferring from a community college, keep in mind that your current school might have a guaranteed admission agreement with the state university.These programs often don’t require test scores from transfer applicants (but sometimes do). Finally, you can always call or email the admissions office at the school if you have questions. After all, they’re there to help! How Important Are SATScores as a Transfer Student? Most colleges weight SAT scores less heavily for transfer applicants than they do for freshmen since transfer students already have proof of their ability to succeed in college: their transcript. "If a student is transferring after one semester in college or a year, schools usually want the SAT and high school GPA, but the further away from high school, the less schools rely on them," college counselor Deborah Shames told US News(bold emphasis mine). There are definitely some exceptions, however. Very selective schools tend to care more about test scores than less selective colleges do. You’re also likely to be judged more on your SAT scores if your grades aren’t that impressive. If you're concerned about your SAT scores, see whether the school you're interested in offers atransfer student profile. This will listthe middle 50% range of ACTand SATscores for transfer students. (As an example, check outGeorgetown's.) If yourscoreis toward the high end of that range (or above), you're set. If you're in the lower end (or below), you might want to consider putting in some focused prep time and retaking the SAT. What's Next? If you have more questions about transferringcolleges,read our complete guide to the transfer process. Thinking about transferring but not sure what school you want to go to? Use these college search sitesto findthe school that's right for you. Or maybe you need help with another part of your college application, such aswriting about your extracurricularsor asking for recommendation lettersfrom teachers. Disappointed with your scores? Want to improve your SAT score by 160points?We've written a guide about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now: Have friends who also need help with test prep? Share this article! Tweet Alex Heimbach About the Author Alex is an experienced tutor and writer. Over the past five years, she has worked with almost a hundred students and written about pop culture for a wide range of publications. She graduated with honors from University of Chicago, receiving a BA in English and Anthropology, and then went on to earn an MA at NYU in Cultural Reporting and Criticism. In high school, she was a National Merit Scholar, took 12 AP tests and scored 99 percentile scores on the SAT and ACT. Get Free Guides to Boost Your SAT/ACT Get FREE EXCLUSIVE insider tips on how to ACE THE SAT/ACT. 100% Privacy. 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Negotiation Analysis- Negotiation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Negotiation Analysis- Negotiation - Essay Example he second part will zero in on my negotiation experience—selling a flat screen television—by highlighting on both the results and what I could have done differently. In an online report entitled The Art of Negotiation, negotiation is defined as a basic means of getting what one party wants from another party (Filipovich & Watercourse 1). It occurs when the two parties have conflicting and complementary interests. Principled negotiation, as posited in the same repot, involves the separation of people from the problem being tackled; the focusing on the two parties’ interests rather than each one’s position; the invention of options for mutual gain; and the use of objective criteria all throughout the activity (Filipovich & Watercourse 2). Separating people from the problem means using joint problem-solving techniques by establishing harmonious communication and being critical to each one’s emotions and perceptions on the topic of negotiation. Focusing on each party’s interests entails the drive to be objective. Inventing options for mutual gain means exploring other opportunities that could be tapped without veering too much from the goals set. Using objective criteria means having a legitimate standard that guides the negotiation process (usually backed up by credible information). Preparation is essential in negotiation as the party should not only decide on what issues to discuss during the negotiation, but the basic strategy that he will employ as well (accommodating, avoiding, competitive, or collaborative). My experience in selling my flat screen television will be divided according to the three clients that I have made a deal with: my sophomore friend named Luis, members of the web community portal in my apartment, and users of craiglist.com. As a background, I decided to sell this item for I deemed it cheaper than selling a brand new one—thus, helping me attract a wide range of buyers. I bought it three years ago in the local best buy for