Taking a Look at Divorce - 1925 Words

The marriage institution has been facing one of the greatest challenges in the recent past. The number of divorce families is increasing daily. People are currently taking marriage lightly not realizing the consequences such decisions have on their family, more so, on their children. Divorce is the dissolution of marriage. In the past, people respected marriage institutions and divorce was a rare happening. The United Nations Demographic Yearbook records that Russia has the highest number of divorce rates in the world recording 5 divorces per 1000 people. Belarus follows closely with 3.8 divorces per 1000 people. According to the United States Census bureau, 50% of all marriages in the country end up in a divorce. The American for Divorce reform states that couples aged from 20 -24 register the highest percentage of divorce rates. They register 36.6% women with men registering 38.8%. The age group of under 20 closely follows with divorced women at 27.6% and men 11.7%. An interesting statistics points out that childless couples have higher rates of divorce when compared to couples with children. Sociologists argue that childlessness leads to weariness and loneliness and thus a contributing factor to divorce in the country. Statistics show that at least 66% of all divorced cases are childless (American for Divorce Reform, 2014). Causes of Divorce One might wonder what happened to the childhood dreams, â€Å"I want to get married when I am of age†. To understand the rise of divorceShow MoreRelatedTaking a Look at Divorce1420 Words   |  6 PagesDivorce is viewed differently by many people. Sometimes this is due to experiences, what others have said, or looking at studies that are not always accurate. However, not everyone can have the same views about marriage ending in divorce. In the article, â€Å"No Easy Answers: Why the Popular View of Divorce Is Wrong† by Constance Ahrons she shows her view on divorce. Ahrons believes that divorce does not have long-lasting damaging effects on children (65). Divorce can affect children in the family butRead MoreDivorce983 Words   |  4 PagesWeek 2 Divorce Functionalist view emphasizes the contribution it makes to overall social stability. The divorce can actually benefit the child in several ways. If the parents were being abusive to one another and/or to the children involved prior to the divorce chances are the divorce will result in less fighting/arguing among the parents which in return would result in a better environment for the child. In some cases if a parent is abusing alcohol or drugs and it leads to the divorce, removingRead MoreMarital Breakdown and Divorce Essay1094 Words   |  5 Pages Marital Breakdown and Divorce Over the last 40 years, sociological research has provided statistics suggesting a significant increase in the number of marriages ending in divorce. In this essay I aim to justify this increase and explain why statistics may give a misleading picture. The way I have decided to structure this essay is firstly to look at a brief history of the laws governing divorce over the last century, then to discuss the statistics and finally to concludeRead MoreSociological Perspectives On Social Issues957 Words   |  4 PagesWhen something negative occurs within someones life they tend to look for a cause, a reason as to why this has happened. They do this by looking at the different aspects of their personal life, however they don’t take into consideration the fact that sociological issues within that society may have also attributed to that problem taking place. C. Wright Mills (2010) believed that â€Å"neither the life of an individual nor the history of a society could be understood without understanding both†, and withRead MoreDivorce And Its Effects On Children1296 Words   |  6 Pages50% of all the children born to married parents today, will experience the divorce of their parents’ before they are eighteen years old. Divorce in and of itself doesn’t necessarily harm a child, but the conflict between parents does. A child’s behavior correlates dire ctly with the effects of their parents’ separation. Deep emotional wounds are created before, during, and after divorce and separation. It is rare that you find a child that actually wants their parents to separate, unless the marriageRead MoreEssay about Divorce in American Society1338 Words   |  6 PagesDivorce in American Society Whatever happened to the picture that perfect traditional families portrayed? Television has had such an influence over us when we begin wishing we had families like the ones we see on Little House on the Prairie and The Brady Bunch. Families who work together, support one another, and seem to have all of lifes problems figured out. The media is catching up to society and showing more single-family sitcoms with down to earth family relationships such as BlossomRead MoreCultural Culture Courtship And Marriage1268 Words   |  6 PagesIt is sometimes hard to understand other cultures from an emic perspective, and there is a tendency to favor your culture, viewing it as superior. It is helpful to change your perspective, assuming an outside view towards your culture and taking an inside look at another. Over the course of this paper, I will explain my American Culture courtship and marriage traditions through the etic eye to show the perspective to an outsider, and I will examine an aspect of the Sub-Saharan African polygyny marriageRead MoreThe Divorce And Its Effects On The Family And Women s Rights937 Words   |  4 Pagesis the conjugal relationship was established by men and women as prescribed by law, divorce is the termination of that relationship. Family capital cell of society, the marriage was not a personal matter but also social problems. As the divorce rate so high and growing, the divorce is no longer a story of two people who become social phenomena Divorced can because of numerous reasons, each couple decides to divorce also comes from many different causes. But can easily identify some basic reasonsRead MoreThe Effect of Law Changes on the Growth of Divorce Rate Essay731 Words   |  3 PagesEffect of Law Changes on the Growth of Divorce Rate Divorce is the legal termination of a marriage. There is no doubt that divorce is much more common, becoming a norm almost. If present trends continue, it is estimated that 1 in 3 marriages will end in divorce, but is it the alteration in the legal grounds that is causing this trend? In this essay I will look at the other aspects that could be the foundation for the growth of divorce and state which I think is the mostRead MoreHigh Divorce Rates1469 Words   |  6 PagesFamily Institution (High Divorce Rates) Have you ever been to a traditional wedding? They are the most beautiful breath taking experience that you have ever seen; many symbols like the exchange of rings, uniting candle, flowers, bride’s maids and best man, and the bride in a beautiful white dress. Also weddings are a lot of fun too. They are the start of a family institution. On the flip side they are expensive and stressful for the couple at hand and the odds of staying together are only

Essay Witchcraft Portrayed in Films - 6180 Words

An ugly and frightening old woman crouches ominously over a big worn cauldron, set over a crackling red fire. Her skin is wrinkled, cragged and coloured in a strange tone that isnt quite natural, and her face features a long and crooked nose, adorned with a few erratic warts. She is wearing a long black robe that has seen better days, and a tall conical hat with a large rim covers her untidy hair. She concentrates on her cauldron, in which some unwholesome-looking liquid is boiling and sending off coloured fume into the air. In the background, one can glimpse a row of jars and pots, each filled with exotic and macabre ingredients. Her old broom, made not for sweeping but for flight stands in a corner, and she is watched by the glowing and†¦show more content†¦Norman Cohen in Europes Inner Demons claims that there is no factual basis for any accounts of witches Sabbaths. Written accounts of such events are either `forgeries or the result of stories originated by the church a nd other authorities as a means of persecuting non orthodox groups. (Russell, page 114) It stems originally from the period of expansion of Christianity, during the third century of the Common Era. Christianity, following a monotheistic set of beliefs declared that any other representations of the Divine were incorrect, and that any other Gods were in fact demons from the legions of Satan. `Christianity succeeded, for a time, in making the Gods of the old religion the Devil of the new. (Crowley, Page 17) However, even with the political power of the conversion of Rome behind Christianity, it was having a hard time superimposing itself over the then present traditions, and on many times having to resort to violence and trickery to achieve its goals, such as for example, the remapping the paganShow MoreRelatedThe Middle Of The 16th Century1571 Words   |  7 Pages19 men women, all convicted of witchcraft, were carted to Gallows Hills to be hanged as their punishment. Trials were he ld for many of the people that were accused because based on their religion witchcraft was strictly prohibited and would not be tolerated in any circumstances. Although it may be considered ironic if a person was to admit to witchcraft there was less of a punishment as compared to a person who denied the accusation. The accusation of witchcraft and the trials caused an uproar inRead MoreThe Crucible By Nicholas Hytner1638 Words   |  7 Pagesthey are engulfed in the mass hysteria of witchcraft. A group of young girls are caught dancing in the woods, and thus fearing punishment claim that they were possessed by the devil. Soon the accusations run wild which resulted in the arrest of two-hundred peoples, and the execution of twenty. Today the film is regarded as an allegory for the McCarthy hearings though it also provides an intimate look into the closed societies of colonial America. The film displays some of the themes presented inRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book The Black Robe By Arthur Miller922 Words   |  4 Pages The author in the Black Robe article depicts the inaccuracies of the film such as how no Indian of New France would have agreed to a 1,500 mile expedition in the middle of the winter. The only knowledge we have to go off of reviewing the past is based on the historical letters the missionaries’ wrote their superiors. In The Crucible the author Arthur Miller portrays young Abigail Williams to have had an affair with the elderly John Proctor, records show that Abigail was eleven and John was sixtyRead MoreWitchcraft Trials And The Salem Witch Trials893 Words   |  4 PagesThe Salem witchcraft trials took place in colonial Massachusetts between February 1692 and May 1693. The news of witches began to spread in Salem when a group of young girls gathered together in the kitchen of the Reverend Samuel Parris with his Indian slave named Tituba to experiment with witchcraft. After these young girls began to portray unusual behavior the vi llage doctor came to the scene and diagnosed the girls to be possessed by the devil. The news of the presence of witches spread throughoutRead MoreEvolution Of The Witch From Early American Literature1609 Words   |  7 PagesThe Evolution of the Witch from Early American Literature to Contemporary Film Over time there have been many different stories and adaptations about the monster that is the witch. From one folktale, to a book, to a movie there are slight differences that make each interpretation very unique. The stereotype is, people think that witches have green skin, big noses, and that they fly on brooms with pointy hats. However, if we completely examine the different texts such as The Conjuring or The CrucibleRead MoreThe Crucible by Arthur Miller993 Words   |  4 PagesThroughout this past semester, we have covered a lot of plays and their films that correspond within those plays. While I have learned a lot along the way I have found that there are certain plays that stuck out. Merchant of Venice, Hamlet, and The Importance of Being Earnest were among some of these plays from this semester. However, one of my personal favorites is The Crucible. I was able to uncover many themes from this play such as secret sin, lies and deceit, and religion. The Crucible stoodRead MoreCabeza de Vaca889 Words   |  4 PagesAlva Nunez Cabeza de Vaca’s life after eight years of being â€Å"trapped† in a foreign land he knew nothing about could have possibly changed his life and aspect of life. This film, entitled by the main characters name, Cabeza de Vaca, was a true story about Alva’s time spent in Florida. For the duration of his eight years in this new region, he would grow accustom to the way of life of the Indians he was bounded with. A devout Christian, the experiences, sights and adventures he would go through wouldRead MorePractice HSC essay1060 Words   |  5 Pagescontemporary appropriation of a film ‘O’ by Tim Blake Nelson are based on the societal values and morals of their time. Issues such as racism, the use of language and deception are timeless making them evident throughout both contexts, hence the engagements in both textual forms. Differing contexts convey concerns in different ways through the use of diverse techniques. For example ‘Othello’ is a play which uses props, stage positioning and lighting compared to ‘O’ a film using camera angles, technologyRead MoreGothic Cinema And The Movie The Conjuring 1611 Words   |  7 PagesIn life, some people prefer to watch movies, and some people prefer to read books. Then there are some who love both movies and books. However, when one genre is portrayed in cinema and in literature, it is easy to compare the two. Are they complementary or are they in opposition to each other? In terms of gothic cinema and literature, they are both complementary to one another. In the two movies, The Conjuring and The Skeleton Key, gothic cinema proves to go hand in hand with the style of textualRead MoreMacbeth, By William Shakespeare1220 Words   |  5 Pagesdirecting the film Macbeth, (Macbeth) and the essay will examine many aspects of the play includi ng the main characters, personalities, themes as well as the important incidents in the film and the historical background. I have chosen Lady Macbeth as the main character for discussion. The 2010 film, saw Macbeth as Stalin and the weird sisters or witches were portrayed as nurses and then cooks. It was filmed in an abbey which retained some of the original scenes of Shakespeare’s play. The 2010 film starred

Barry Bonds Free Essays

One of the baseball’s most troublesome issues has been the increasing use of performance enhancing drugs. Retired home slugger, Jose Canseco has claimed that 85 per cent of big leaguers use steroids and Xen Caminiti, who died in 2004 from drug overdose, stated in a highly publicised article in Sports Illustrated that the incidence of steroid use has mushroomed to 50 per cent of active players. Although other players have stated this figure to be exaggerated, the problem has become widespread within major league baseball. We will write a custom essay sample on Barry Bonds or any similar topic only for you Order Now A well known sports orthopaedist, Dr. John Andrews asserted that there has been a dramatic rise in muscle and tendon injuries among baseball players related to the increased use of supplements creatine, human growth hormone, and steroids (Teitelbaum, 2005, p. 107). The use of amphetamines in major league baseball gained substantial notoriety in 1970 when Jim Bouton, a pitcher for the New York Yankees during the 1960s and the author of highly controversial book Ball Four admitted using amphetamines and estimated that 40% of other players did as well. As with football, the size and strength of professional baseball players appear to have increased markedly during the last two decades. As a consequence, suspicions of anabolic steroid use have been dramatically soared during the last decade. In 1995, the general manager of the San Diego Padres admitted to the prevalence of steroid use in at least 10%-20% of the league players (Hinitz, Yesalis, Bahrke, 2002, p. 12-13). Jose Canseco, who was the first player to hit 40 homers and steal 40 bases in the same year, wrote in his book ‘Juiced’ that he used steroids to help him build the muscles he needed to succeed. He also claimed that (although without proof) many players in the game had done the same. This cast grave doubts on the home run records set by Mark McGwire, Sammy Sosa and Barry Bonds and others. In 2005, the congress held a special hearing to investigate the steroid problem in baseball. Commissioner Bud Selig while testifying admitted that the sport’s hands were tied because of a complicated agreement with the union that represented the players. Baseball was not allowed to test most players for steroids. Even for those who were exposed, punishment was light (Stewart, Kennedy, 2006, p. 61). Barry Bond, the legendary baseball player, shot to power and fame by winning three MVP awards in 1990s and he was recognised as the best all round player of the decade. He became the second 40-40 player in 1996, and narrowly missed the fit in 1997. In 1998, he became the first 400-400 player in history. 1 In 2000, the house belonged to Barry, who at the age of 35 was on the brink of a remarkable run of five career defining seasons. Up to that point, he had hit 445 home runs over 14 seasons of play. In 2000, he set a personal home run record with 49, and in 2001, he set a new all time record with an incredible 73 homers. The unprecedented late career explosion of 258 home runs in five years raised suspicions that Bonds had taken illegal performance drugs, such as steroids, which Bonds vehemently denied. In 2003, Bonds hits 45 home runs, which brought him within three of his coach May’s mark on the 1. URL: http://www. baseballlibrary. com/baseballlibrary/ballplayers/B/Bonds_Barry. stm, retrieved on 15th Dec, 06 lifetime list. In 2004, Bonds chased his 660th career home run to join Mays as third on the all time leaders list. But he just fell short of Mays record. He admitted struggling with the notion of surpassing his childhood idol. Bonds openly admired his idol and said, â€Å"I love him so much. It is hard subject to talk about† (Linge, p. 178). Finally, in the fifth innings of the Giants home opener, Bonds achieved the fit and coach May expressed immense happiness that third place on the lifetime homer list was staying within the Giants family (Linge, p. 178). Currently, Bond has 734 home runs, 22 from breaking Hank Aaron’s career record of 755. He could play only 14 games in 2005 following three operations in his right knee, he came back in full force in 2006 to bat 270 with 26 homers and 77 RBI in 130 games for the Giants in2006. Although he had arthroscopic surgery on his left elbow in October, he still has potential power. 2 Beginning in 1998 with injection in his buttocks of Winstrol, a powerful steroid, Barry Bonds took a wide array of performance enhancing drugs over at least five seasons in a massive doping regimen that grew more sophisticated with passing years. These facts were published in Game of Shadows, a book written by two San Francisco Chronicle reporters at the forefront of reporting BALCO steroid distribution scandal. The Book revealed day-to-day detail of how often and how deeply Bonds was engaged in the persistence doping. According to the book, Bonds used the drugs in virtually every conceivable form, by either injecting himself with a syringe or being injected by 2. Retrieved from the URL: http://sportsline. com/mlb/players/playerpage/7447 on 14th Dec, 06 his trainer, swallowing pills, placing drops of liquids under his tongue, and in case of BALCOs notorious testosterone based cream, and he applied it locally. The authors compiled the information over a two-year investigation that included, but was not limited to, court documents, affidavits filed by BALCO investigators, confidential memoranda of federal agents (including statements made to them by athletes and trainers), grand jury testimony, audiotapes and interviews with more than 200 sources. 3 Bond while denying the charge of steroid use was rather vague in his denial statements. In one of his statement Bond was quoted as saying, â€Å"Doctors ought to quit worrying about what ballplayers are taking. What players take doesn’t matter. It’s nobody else’s business. The doctors should spend their time looking for cures for cancer. It takes more than muscles to hit homers. If all those guys were using stuff, how come they’re not all hitting homers? â€Å"4 People from all walks of life, from baseball fan, players, and analyst reacted to Barry’s steroid controversy and the consequent BALCO trial. Baseball player Turk Wendell reacted in Denver Post, â€Å" If my personal trainer, me, Turk Wendell, got indicted for that, there’s no one in the world who wouldn’t think that I wasn’t taking steroids. What, because he is Barry Bonds, no one’s going to say that? I mean, obviously he did it. (His trainer) admitted to giving steroids to baseball player. He just 3. http://sportsillustrated. cnn. com/2006/baseball/mlb/03/06/news. excerpt/index. html retrieved on 15th Dec, 06. 4. http://sportsillustrated. cnn. com/2006/baseball/mlb/03/06/bonds. quotes/index. html, retrieved on 15th Dec, 06 doesn’t want to say his name. You don’t have to. It’s clear just seeing his body†. 5 Journalists were although divided in their opinion regarding the issue, majority were convinced that Bonds was guilty. Journalist George Will have expressed his view about Barry Bonds, his steroid use and its impact on the baseball statistics in the following lines. According to him, â€Å"â€Å"(Barry) Bonds’ records must remain part of baseball’s history. His hits happened. Erase them and there will be discrepancies in baseball’s bookkeeping about the records of the pitchers who gave them up. George Orwell said that in totalitarian societies, yesterday’s weather could be changed by decree. Baseball, indeed America, is not like that. Besides, the people who care about the record book — serious fans — will know how to read it. That may be Bonds’ biggest worry. †5 The group who sympathises with Barry Bonds feels that he is a victim of racial prejudice. They feel that even if it is true that Bonds takes steroids, the attention that he receives far outshines that of any other athlete under investigation in the same probe. What the allegations of steroid use imply is that Bonds had reached his achievements on the field unfairly, and given his reputation as an unlikable player, the sportswriters and fans intend to believe this allegation. Beyond his actual guilt or innocence in this steroid probe, the public’s interest in Bonds involvement with steroids goes beyond the fact that he is an accomplished baseball player (Bloom, 2004, p. 111). 5. http://thesteroidera. blogspot. com/2006/08/memorable-steroid-era-quotes-1995-2006. html retrieved on 15th Dec, 06 Considering the fact that Barry Bonds was a steroid user, which has been proven without doubt, he should not be allowed into the Hall of Fame. This is a case of cheating and deceiving the public who passionately follow the game. If he is inducted into the hall of fame, it will be tantamount to accepting his deceitful act, which will be detrimental to the future of baseball. Moreover, since Pete Rose was denied the hall of fame for his deceiving act, it will be justifiable if Bond is treated in the same manner. As his name is already tainted, it is unlikely that people will remember him, forty, fifty years from now. His unsporting conduct and violation of sports ethics will eventually obscure him from popular memory. Only those with excellent and untainted track record, moral integrity, and true sportsmanship deserve to be incorporated into the Hall of Fame. References Bloom, J (2004) Barry Bonds: A Biography, Greenwood Press, USA Hinitz, D. R. , Yesalis, C. E. , and Bahrke, M. S (2002) Performing enhancing substances in sport and exercise, Human Kinetics Publishing Linge, M. K (2005) William Mays: A Biography, Greenwood Press, USA Stewart, M, Kennedy, M (2006) Long Ball: The legend and lore of the home run, Milbrook Press, p. 64 Teitelbaum, S. H (2005) Sports Heroes, Fallen Idols, University of Nebraska Press. The Hastings Centre Report (1985) Blood, Sweat, and Drug: The high cost being number one, Vol. 15, No. 5. p. 2 How to cite Barry Bonds, Papers

Decision Making of Leisure Shopping-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Research and Decision making of Leisure Shopping. Answer: Evaluation of the business problem Leisure retailing business is comparatively a new concept in marketing that is emerging rapidly with the expansion of the tourism industry. It is an effective way of developing the local economy and therefore, it has gained significant attention(Horner Swarbrooke, 2016). Local people of an area can sell the special things of that region such as some special dishes, handicrafts, arts, paintings and so on. However, the leisure marketers fail to attract the tourists effectively due to a number of reasons(Falk Dierking, 2016). In order to attract the maximum number of tourists, the leisure retailers must gain information on their shopping behaviors and the factors that motivate their buying-decision. The marketers of leisure business mainly face problem for not knowing what the tourists want. Besides, the location of the retail outlets in small villages and towns may discourage the buying-behavior of the visitors, if not equipped with all the necessary facilities like accessibility, recreational activities, toilets and areas for car parking. However, lack of these facilities demotivates tourists to go to those locations for leisure shopping(Musa Thirumoorthi, 2016). Apart from that, lack of product differentiation strategy among the leisure retailers is another important problem. Tourists like to buy things that are unique and reflect the local specialties or culture, which cannot be found in any other part of the world. Therefore, failing to make the product packaging and displaying normal or less attractive may not acquire the desired result and enhance the shopping experience for the tourists(Choi, Heo, Law, 2016). Hence, the key research questions of the research are as follows: What are the factors that influence the buying behavior of leisure shoppers? What are the ways of enhancing the shopping experience of the leisure customers in small villages and towns? How is consumer shopping-behavior related with their leisure shopping decision-making? What is already known about the problem From the previous researches done by different researchers on the leisure shopping and its various aspects, some important factors can be known on this. Leisure shopping is relatively a new concept of shopping and the trend continues to grow in small villages and towns. Therefore, the marketers of leisure products must identify the perception of the customers, so that they can attract more customers by differentiating the products(Machleit, Meyer, Eroglu, 2005). Concept of leisure shopping Leisure retails refers to the retail store that attracts touriststo spend some of their leisure time in shopping from the local stores. The trend of leisure shopping is rapidly growing at present time. The current flourishing of initiatives to build and promote spending as a tourist product offers a reason to analyse the product mix of leisure shopping, as this is perceived as a major activity in the future scenario of leisure shopping(Murphy, Moscardo, Benckendorff, 2008). Shopping tourism is also considered as a mean to invigorate conventional urban centers, failing resorts, and even bucolic areas. The competition rate in the tourism market among the various situations for leisure shopping is a major problem(Turley Milliman, 2000). Concept of consumer leisure shopping behavior Customers often receive benefits from the intense market completion in distinguished product setting throughout the season of leisure shopping. The wide variety of choices, convenience, sales people, location, atmosphere, refreshments, retailing policy, promotional activities is related at the time of leisureshopping(Henderson, 2016). The time spent by consumers in leisure shopping is increasing rapidly because the retailers and the developers of the shopping centers are focusing on processes to improve their shopping hubs with extra leisure quest. The consumer behavior during leisure shopping is highly influenced by the entertainingsubstructure as a competitive policy of retailers(Kleibert Kippers, 2016). Theories of consumer shopping behavior Motivation-Need theoryput forward by Abraham Maslow states that consumer buying-behavior is driven by five-step priority method. These needs comprise physiological, safety, love, esteem and self-actualisation(Henderson, 2016). This theory helps the retailers to develop their marketing messages effectively for the leisure shoppers. In order to make a marketing campaign successful, it is not enough to bring awareness to merchandise, but also add some exciting features to it that helps to attract the tourists(Vertovec, 2015). It requires placing the product on the Maslow's hierarchy of needs. Leisure shoppers are motivated to make the purchase to the base of the hierarchy. Therefore, the leisure marketers must develop a marketing message that inspires a sense of necessity or urgency in tourists. For example, highlighting the healthy nature of a food item and communicate the message effectively with the consumers(Kleibert Kippers, 2016). Hawkins Stern theory of impulse behavior focuses on the rational action of the consumer behavior. The theory stipulates the impulse behavior according to which, sudden purchasing impulses apt together with lucid buying decisions to dye a complete picture of the regular consumer(San, Omar, Thurasamy, 2015). An impulse purchase is influenced essentially by external stimuli and has nearly no connection to customary decision-making. This theory provides the way of encouraging the shopping behavior of the leisure shoppers by making the each aspect of a product attracting. For example, packaging of a product displayed in the outlet has an effect on the impulsive behavior of a customer. This is one of the most effective ways of getting success by apprehending the impulsive thought of the tourists(Hsu Lin, 2015). Factors influencing shopping behavior of the tourists from local businesses in small towns and villages There are a number of factors, which influence the buying behavior of the tourists in the small villages and towns are as follows(Liu, Qu, Wang, 2015): Well-managed quality facilities-It is important for a leisure shopping location to present itself positively and directly to the visitors. The shops of the local arts, crafts, foods, and beverages must be located in a place that has pleasing surroundings. Further, the place must include all the necessary services for the visitors such as toilets, parking areas, maintaining street-scraping, building better signage and providing information using a good visitor center etc(Shen, Song, Jiang, 2015). Visitor experience- In order to enhance the experience of the visitors, it is important for the marketers to be friendly and welcoming. Moreover, the products offered to the tourists must be unique and the marketers must maintain a strong diversity of the products. There must be some entertaining events and the opening and closing times of the shops must be consistent(Wu, Wall, Pearce, 2014). Integration and Accessibility- There must be a sufficient number of public transports within the small town or village so that the tourists do not have to face any kind accessibility issue. Therefore, there must be proper access to railway stations and bus stops for enhancing the accessibility to the shopping centers(Sinanan, Graham, Zhong Jie, 2014). Marketing presentation- The leisure marketers in the village and town must focus on marketing presentations. They must establish a specific brand name and promote it through the media to their prospective customers. Research and education are required for getting tourists to interact and develop their marketing presentation in a more harmonised manner. Recreational infrastructure- This is another important factor that drives the buying decision of the leisure shoppers considerably. It is also helpful in increasing the store loyalty, high-perceived value for customers whereby people experience pleasure from shopping and innovative concern(Lu, Investigating factors that influence passengers' shopping intentions at airportsEvidence from Taiwan, 2014). Gap in literature Although a number of concepts and theories on leisure shopping is evaluated, however, due to lack of time the researcher could not go through more literature that could have provided more information on the topic.From the above analysis, significant knowledge has been gained over leisure shopping, but the relationship between consumer purchase decision-making and leisure shopping could not be depicted properly. Summary In this section, the researcher has gone through a number of journals and books regarding leisure shopping for gaining a better knowledge pertaining to it. The different aspects of the leisure shopping have been discussed critically from the viewpoint of different scholars. Moreover, theories related to consumer shopping behavior are also discussed for gaining in depth knowledge on the connection between consumer shopping behavior and leisure shopping. It is found that there are different factors, which influence the buying behavior of the tourists during their leisure shopping that must be considered by the leisure retailers. Research design The purpose of conducting the research is to identify the buying behavior of the tourists in terms of leisure shopping. Therefore, to fulfill the aim effectively, it is crucial to select suitable research designs from the available options. The researcher will use the positivism philosophy for authenticating the research data through logically explaining them. Further, the deductive approach will be used for analysing the existing theories related to the research topic. This will be helpful in understating the research topic in a better manner and it is a time-effective technique. It is not required to develop any new theory on the research topic, as there are already a number of theories available on the topic(Brinkmann, 2014). The researcher will use the descriptive researchdesign, as it offers the chance of collecting both quantitative and qualitative data.It also facilitates to evaluate non-qualified issues and to observe the occurrences in a complete usual environment(Neuman, Neuman, Robson, 2014). The combination of quantitative and qualitative data provides better and in-depth information pertaining to the research topic(Panneerselvam, 2014). The quantitative data will help to analyse the response of a large number of population in an effective manner. On the other hand, qualitative data will help to examine the opinion, thoughts, and experience of the tourists about the leisure shopping in details(Brinkmann, 2014). For the collection of quantitative data, the researcher will conduct a survey with the tourists and for collecting, the qualitative data and aninterview will be conducted with the shopping zone managers of Singapore. Thus, all the necessary information on leisure shopping can be gathered. The key variables and the way of measuring them A number of variables have been identified related to the leisure shopping from the previous discussion in this study those needs to be measured for obtaining better outcome of the research. The first variable identified is the different factors, which influence the leisure shoppers to buy or not to buy from the leisure retailers in small towns and villages. The measurement for this variable is taking the opinions of the tourists by talking to them about the different aspects of leisure shopping. It will help to identify their positive and negative views regarding the leisure retailers(Castillo-Manzano, Lopez-Valpuesta, Asencio-Flores, 2014). Another variable is the initiatives that need to be undertaken by the leisure marketers for enhancing the shopping experience of the visitors. Here, the measurement is to identify the needs and expectations of the leisure shoppers including, recreational activities, proper accessibility, and integrity of the shopping locations, help centers, and other facilities(Henderson, 2016). The third variable is the link between buying behavior of tourists and their leisure shopping, which can be measured through tracking their buying pattern, preferences, values and beliefs. Here, taking feedbacks of the customers is necessary for maintaining an effective communication with them. This helps the marketers to identify and satisfy their needs effectively(Castillo-Manzano, Lopez-Valpuesta, Asencio-Flores, 2014). The factors affecting buying behavior of the customers is related to their shopping behavior and buying decision-making, as they take purchase decision influencing by the factors. Similarly, both the variables denote the way of enhancing the shopping experience of the consumers. Thus, all the variables of the research are interrelated(Michalk, Rtz, Hinek, Tmri, 2014). Sample needs and sampling options Sampling is the technique of selecting respondents from a large population so that by examining the sample the researcher can equally simplify the results. The two major sampling techniques are probability and non-probability sampling(Neuman, Neuman, Robson, 2014). Before selecting a sample size, it is required to select an appropriate sampling technique that will be used for selecting respondents for a survey or an interview. The sampling process includes 5 major steps are, recognising the population (about which the researcher wants to make supposition), specifying a sampling frame (the group of individuals, from which the sample size is to be selected), specifying a sampling method, determining the sample size and implementing the plan(Panneerselvam, 2014). Here, the population is the leisure shoppers and the sample frame is the leisure shoppers of the small villages and towns of Singapore. In the present research, the researcher will use simple-random sampling technique for selecting 25 leisure shoppers and carrying out a survey with them. The rationale behind using this sampling technique is, this technique is easy and does not require the high level of knowledge for using the technique. Moreover, it is convenient and free from mistakes in categorisation. Besides, this sampling technique is free from prejudice and it is quite easy to examine the sampling mistakes in this method. The sample size has been kept small, as it will be helpful to complete the research within the allocated time and the sample size is enough to gather important information and data on the leisure shopping(Brinkmann, 2014). Further, for the interview, the researcher will use the non-probability sampling for selecting 4 managers of the leisure shopping industry. This is a cost-effective technique and the sample selection becomes faster by using the technique. The sample size is 4 that is enough for the present research. The 4 managers can give detail information on the leisure shopping behavior of the customers and their views regarding the matter. It will provide in-depth knowledge on the research topic and thus, will enhance the quality of the research(Neuman, Neuman, Robson, 2014). Ethical issues The researcher for avoiding any ethical issue must consider some ethical concerns during the research. In order to make the research work transparent and reliable to the respondents, the purpose of the research must be explained in simple language. This will enhance the trust between the researcher and the respondents. Further, the personal information and other sensitive information provided by the respondents must not be revealed and used for any other purpose apart from this academic research. Giving this assurance to the respondents make them comfortable and influence honest responses. The researcher must maintain the confidentiality of the data for avoiding legal or ethical issues(Panneerselvam, 2014). Apart from that, the respondents should not be bribed, manipulated or forced into participating in the research and they must not be harmed mentally or physically. They should be provided with the right to withdraw from the research if they feel to do so. Moreover, they have the right to skip any question in the questionnaire if they do not want to answer any particular question. The researcher cannot be biased for any respondent and he cannot change the answer provided by the respondent himself. This is considered as unethical and can decrease the research quality(Brinkmann, 2014). Therefore, ethical considerations are important for conducting a research honestly and generate the reliable result. It also helps to avoid further conflicts and improve the validity and reliability of the research. Thus, the data of the present research can be used for future researchers too, as secondary data. Works Cited Brinkmann, S. (2014). Interview. In Encyclopedia of Critical Psychology. New York: Springer. Castillo-Manzano, J. I., Lopez-Valpuesta, L., Asencio-Flores, J. P. (2014). Extending pedestrianization processes outside the old city center; conflict and benefits in the case of the city of Seville. Habitat Internationa , 44 (1), 194-201. Choi, M., Heo, C., Law, R. (2016). Progress in shopping tourism. Journal of Travel Tourism Marketing , 33 (1), 1-24. 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