Fall for the Book Event Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Fall for the Book Event - Assignment Example The moderators, qualified and profoundly proficient, unfathomably explain the points and subjects of the introductions. The moderators make the subjects conceivable and reasonable for understudies. I wanted to go to a meeting at the yearly celebration on Friday, the 27th of September. The meeting is planned to begin at half past ten and continue until early afternoon. The title of the book was ‘The Political Thought of Frederick Douglass’. The moderator is a political theory researcher, Nicholas Buccola. The occasion was to happen at George Mason University. The scene for the introduction was Sandy Spring Bank tent, at George Mason University. My decision to go to the occasion was a result of the enthusiasm I have for the political theory. The demonstrable skill of the moderator would make the meeting pleasant to warrant a participation by anybody keen on the book’s investigation. I appreciate any meeting drove by Nicholas Buccola, an eminent researcher of political theory examines. The meeting, graciousness of the sponsorship of Gale Language, would be uncommon, extraordinary and good humored to join in. The investigation of the political philosophies of Fr ederick Douglas would be a beguiling meeting in the occasion. Buccola’s ability in introducing a profound investigation of political theory themes is conceivable. He can break down how much natural Frederick Douglass investigates the chance of having the guarantee of opportunity for people. The examination would be exceptionally engaging. Given my profound desire to go to the occasion, I showed up at the scene early not to miss any piece of the introduction. I arranged before the day, enough for the occasion, and committed an abundant time and inquiries to pose during the meeting. Having arranged for the introduction, I delighted in the whole meeting. The moderator, as I would see it, was extraordinary in the region of presentation.â

The Raven :: Literary Analysis, Edgar Allan Poe

Edgar Allan Poe composed numerous abstract works and had numerous catastrophes throughout his life. Edgar Allan Poe’s life began in neediness, turned out to be better during his embraced years, and by and by fell into destitution. Edgar Allan Poe motivated numerous individuals with his unpleasant verse and short stories. One of his most popular sonnets is â€Å"The Raven.† In this sonnet he is spoken to as a desolate individual in his room, yearning for his lost love. Some state this sonnet is an allegory for his dear loved ones biting the dust. Edgar Allan Poe had a harsh life that brought about many motivating sonnets. (Hallqvist 1). Edgar Allan Poe was conceived January 19 1809 in Boston, Massachusetts. His folks, Elizabeth and David Poe were both engaged with acting vocations. At the point when Edgar was two years of age, his dad bafflingly surrendered his family, leaving Elizabeth Poe with Edgar and his two kin, Henry and Rosalie to raise all alone. Not long after Edgar’s father leaving, his mom became sick with tuberculosis. Elizabeth Poe experienced with the illness October until December 8, 1811 when she passed on. Later in Edgar’s life, his sonnets would relate back to December 1811 and its incidents. â€Å"And all I adored, I cherished alone† (Lange 12). Poe said discussing the awfulness of his mother’s passing. (Lange 12-13). While Elizabeth Poe had lain wiped out, Frances Allan and a couple of different women thought about the Poe family unit. Frances Allan developed and connection to Edgar and embraced him after his mom kicked the bucket. His kin were embraced by various families. Frances cherished Edgar as her own. â€Å"Edgar was fairly ruined by his gushing foster mother† (Anderson 12). Frances and her better half John Allan were well off. (Anderson 12). At the point when Edgar turned six, John moved the family to London for business. There, Edgar went to an English life experience school where he contemplated French, Latin and writing. In 1820, John Allan’s business in England fizzled, which made the family move back to Richmond. Edgar proceeded with school back in Richmond and started composing sonnets. One of his first sonnets was about a smash he had on his friend’s mother. â€Å"Helen, thy excellence is to me Like those Nicean barks of yesteryear, That delicately, o'er a perfumed ocean,

What Is Self-Awareness and How Does It Develop

What Is Self-Awareness and How Does It Develop Theories Cognitive Psychology Print Self-Awareness Development and Types By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on July 21, 2017 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on January 15, 2020 Carla G. / Moment / Getty Images More in Theories Cognitive Psychology Behavioral Psychology Developmental Psychology Personality Psychology Social Psychology Biological Psychology Psychosocial Psychology In This Article Table of Contents Expand Self-Awareness Emergence Self-Awareness Development Levels of Self-Awareness Types of Self-Awareness Self-Consciousness View All Back To Top Self-awareness involves being aware of different aspects of the self including traits, behaviors, and feelings. Essentially, it is a psychological state in which oneself becomes the focus of  attention. Self-awareness is one of the first components of the  self-concept  to emerge. While self-awareness is something that is central to who you are, it is not something that you are acutely focused on  at every moment of every day. Instead, self-awareness becomes woven into the fabric of who you are and emerges at different points depending on the situation and your personality.? People are not born completely self-aware. Yet research has also found that infants do have a rudimentary sense of self-awareness. Infants possess the awareness that they are a separate being from others, which is evidenced by behaviors such as the rooting reflex in which an infant searches for a nipple when something brushes against his or her face. Researchers have also found that even newborns are able to differentiate between self- and non-self touch. When Does Self-Awareness Emerge? Studies have demonstrated that a more complex sense of the awareness of the self begins to emerge at around one year of age and becomes much more developed by approximately 18 months of age. Researchers Lewis and Brooks-Gunn performed studies looking at how self-awareness develops. The researchers applied a red dot to an infants nose and then held the child up to a mirror. Children who recognized themselves in the mirror would reach for their own noses rather than the reflection in the mirror, which indicated that they had at least some level of self-awareness. Lewis and Brooks-Gunn found that almost no children under one year of age would reach for their own nose rather than the reflection in the mirror. About 25 percent of the infants between 15 and 18 months reached for their own noses while about 70 percent of those between 21 and 24 months did so. It is important to note that the Lewis and Brooks-Gunn study only indicates an infants visual self-awareness; children might actually possess other forms of self-awareness even at this early point in life. For example, researchers Lewis, Sullivan, Stanger, and Weiss suggested that  expressing emotions  involves self-awareness as well as an ability to think about oneself in relation to other people. How Does Self-Awareness Develop? Researchers have proposed that an area of the brain known as the anterior cingulate cortex  located in the  frontal lobe region plays an important role in developing self-awareness. Studies have also used brain imaging to show that this region becomes activated in adults who are self-aware. The Lewis and Brooks-Gunn experiment suggests that self-awareness begins to emerge in children around the age of 18 months, an age that coincides with the rapid growth of spindle cells in the anterior cingulate cortex. However, one study found that a patient retained self-awareness even with extensive damage to areas of the brain including the insula and the anterior cingulate cortex. This suggests that these areas of the brain are not required for most aspects of self-awareness and that awareness may instead arise from interactions distributed among brain networks. Levels of Self-Awareness So how exactly do children become aware of themselves as separate beings? Researchers suggest that children progress through a series of levels of self-awareness between birth and approximately age 4 or 5. Self-awareness is observed by how children respond to their own reflection in a mirror. Level 1: Differentiation - At this point, children start to become aware that what it reflected in a mirror is different from what they simply perceive in the environment.Level 2: Situation - This level of self-awareness is characterized by a growing understanding  that self-produced movements can be seen in the mirrors surface. Children are also aware that it is their own movements they are observing.Level 3: Identification - At this point, children recognize  the image in the mirror as themselves rather than someone else staring back at them.Level 4: Permanence - Children can not only identify themselves reflected in a mirror, they can also identify their own image in pictures and home movies.Level 5: Self-consciousness or meta self-awareness - At this level, children are not only aware of themselves from their own perspective, but also become aware of how they are in the minds of others. Types of Self-Awareness Psychologists often break self-awareness down into two different types, either public or private. Public Self-Awareness This type emerges when people are aware of how they appear to others. Public self-awareness often emerges in situations when people are at the center of attention, such as when giving a presentation or talking to a group of friends. This type of self-awareness often compels people to adhere to social norms. When we are aware that we are being watched and evaluated, we often try to behave in ways that are socially acceptable and desirable. Public self-awareness can also lead to evaluation anxiety in which people become distressed,  anxious, or worried about how they are perceived by others. Private Self-Awareness This type happens when people become aware of some aspects of themselves, but only in a private way. For example, seeing your face in the mirror is a type of private self-awareness. Feeling your stomach lurch when you realize you forgot to study for an important test or feeling your heart flutter when you see someone you are attracted to are also examples of private self-awareness. Self-Consciousness: A Heightened State of Self-Awareness Sometimes, people can become overly self-aware and veer into what is known as self-consciousness. Have you ever felt like everyone was watching you, judging your actions, and waiting to see what you will do next? This heightened state of self-awareness can leave you feeling awkward and nervous in some instances. In a lot of cases, these feelings of self-consciousness are only temporary and arise in situations when we are in the spotlight.  For some people, however, excessive self-consciousness can reflect a chronic condition such as social anxiety disorder. People who are privately self-conscious have a higher level of private self-awareness, which can be both a good and bad thing. These people tend to be more aware of their feelings and beliefs, and are therefore more likely to stick to their personal values. However, they are also more likely to suffer from negative health consequences such as increased stress and anxiety. People who are publicly self-conscious have a higher level of public self-awareness. They tend to think more about how other people view them and are often concerned that other people might be judging them based on their looks or their actions. As a result, these individuals tend to stick to group norms and try to avoid situations in which they might look bad or feel embarrassed. A Word From Verywell Self-awareness plays a critical role in how we understand ourselves and how we relate to others and the world. Being self-aware allows you to evaluate yourself in relation to others. For people who have an extremely high sense of self-awareness, excessive self-consciousness can result. If you feel that you are struggling with a self-consciousness that is having a negative influence on your life, discuss your symptoms with your doctor to learn more about what you can do to cope with these feelings.

Classical Conditioning, Operant Conditioning, and...

Our understanding of classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and observational learning has allowed us to unlock many of the answers we sought to learn about human behavior. Classical conditioning is a technique of behavioral training, coined by Ivan Pavlov, which basically states that an organism learns through establishing associations between different events and stimuli. This helps us understand human behavior in an assortment of ways. It makes it clear that almost everything we do is based on patterns of stimulus and response. For example, if you were bitten aggressively by a dog as a child, you may be still scared of dogs today. That is because the dog caused you pain, which in turn caused you have anxiety towards dogs.†¦show more content†¦It is one of the basic aspects of human behavior that drives the conscious mind in its decisions. Observational learning is another simple behavioral training technique. It’s as simple as its name, you learn by watching others. For example, let’s say you are trying to learn to balance a book on your head. You’ve been watching your parent do it and you try it out as well by imitating their behaviors that you previously observed. That’s a basic example of learning by observation. This helps us better understand human behavior in this way: it tells us that humans observe other behavior and try to imitate it in order to achieve the same, or a similar effect. That is another basic aspect of human behaviors that also occurs on a daily basis. Each of these learning theories can be applied to help us form strategies to change or adapt behavior. Operant conditioning can be used to try and influence behaviors. For example, teaching someone to clean a window by positively reinforcing them when they do it correctly and punishing them when they do not. Classical conditioning can also be applied quite simply. For instance, you can pair pain with cows to teach someone to always fear cows. Observational learning is also much of the same thing. If you want someone to learn a new behavior or change a previous one, all you have to is have them mimic yours. They willShow MoreRelatedClassical Conditioning, Operant Conditioning And Observational Learning Essay914 Words   |  4 Pagesare three ways, according to Experience Psychology 3rd Edition, for organisms to learn – Classical Conditioning, Operant Conditioning and Observational Learning. In Classical Conditioning, it involves the association between a neutral stimulus and a n innate stimulus of organisms, and a response is produced when these two stimuli came in contact. Slightly different from Classical Conditioning, Operant Conditioning woks in a way when a behavior is determined by the consequences of the outcomes. To putRead MoreClassical Conditioning, Operant Conditioning And Observational Learning1702 Words   |  7 PagesLearning is a relatively lasting behavior through experience. There are three major types of learning: classical conditioning, operant conditioning and observational learning. Classical conditioning is a process of learning where an association is formed between a neutral stimulus and a stimulus that evokes a response naturally. Operant conditioning is a learning process using reinforcement or punishment of certain behaviors. Observational learning is where the process of learning happens throughRead MoreClassical Conditioning And Operant Conditioning1492 Words   |  6 Pages To expand upon the concepts of the two forms of conditioning listed above, three additional principals not previously listed for the sake of convenience are present in both forms of conditioning; these three principals-extinction, spontaneous recovery, and stimulus discrimination-are among the number of basic principals of conditioning that are found in most forms of conditioning. To explain, Extinction refers to the process by which the steady weakening or diminishment of a conditioned responseRead MoreLearning Experience Paper : Smoking Cessation Essay1185 Words   |  5 Pages Learning Experience Paper: Smoking Cessation Throughout one’s lifetime, an individual undergoes a magnitude of various learning experiences, all of which serve as a shaping agent, consequently forming personality traits that are unique to each human being. Examining this fact further, what does learning mean, precisely? Namely, the definition of learning is the resulting change in behavior or knowledge that occurs through experienceRead More The Process of Learning Essay1107 Words   |  5 PagesLearning Learning is more than a person sitting at a desk and studying off a book. Everything that we do is a result of what we have learned. We respond to things that happen to us, we act and experience consequences from our behavior, and we observe what others say and do. Psychologists explain our many experiences with basic learning processes. â€Å"Learning is a relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs through experience (Santrock, p.146).† By learning how to use a computer you willRead MoreLearning: Classical Conditioning1132 Words   |  5 PagesLearning Learning is more than a person sitting at a desk and studying off a book. Everything that we do is a result of what we have learned. We respond to things that happen to us, we act and experience consequences from our behavior, and we observe what others say and do. Psychologists explain our many experiences with basic learning processes. Learning is a relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs through experience (Santrock, p.146). By learning how to use a computer youRead More psychology and learning Essay1182 Words   |  5 Pagesin which they are learning and what they have to learn. One form of learning is known as conditioning. Conditioning emphasises the relationship between stimuli and responses. The two types of conditioning found are Classical conditioning and Operant conditioning. Learning may occur in different ways. Psychologists have distinguished between different types of learning, these being Observational Learning and Insight Learning. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Classical conditioning refers to a simpleRead MoreApplying Operant Conditioning to Human Behaviour Essay591 Words   |  3 PagesApplying Operant Conditioning to Human Behaviour Operant conditioning is when a way of learning by consequence. To put it basic, an action which is rewarded is more likely to be repeated, along with an action that is punished is less likely to be repeated. To apply this to an example of human behaviour, young children may have shaped behaviour due to operant conditioning; where desireable behaviour is rewarded (e.g. by giving a toy) the behaviour is being positivelyRead MoreLearning Principles Classical Conditioning And Observational Learning1080 Words   |  5 PagesReading skills are essential to learning all other subjects taught in school. The sharper the reading skills children have and the earlier they accumulate them will determine how rapidly and how well they will achieve in school. That is why it is very crucial to get students motivated to read at a young age. Research has consistently shown that children who are exposed to reading or who read regularly gather long term benefits such as better academic performance, a mastery of language, better communicationRead MoreThere Are Many Types Of Conditioning That People Used To1427 Words   |  6 PagesThere are many types of conditioning that people used to learn things. The first type of condition that we talk about in this paper is classical condition. The second type of conditioning is called operant conditioning. And the last type of conditioning is vicarious conditioni ng / Observational Learning. These are the 3 main types of conditioning that we use in are daily life. Classical Conditioning Classical conditioning is one of the most basic forms of learning that we use today. You can see it

Business Plan Car Wash - 13876 Words

Sparkle and Gleam Car Wash Business Plan Business Plan Prepared By Heidi Putzen President 12345 W. 98 St. Copperville, StateA 00000 000-555-0000 Date Prepared June 200B TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY MANAGEMENT AND ORGANIZATION Management team Compensation and ownership Contracts and franchise agreements Board of directors/advisory council Infrastructure Insurance Employee stock option plan and other incentives Organization charts PRODUCT AND SERVICE PLAN Purpose of the product or service Unique features Stage of development Future research and development Trademarks, patents, copyrights, licenses, royalties Government approvals Product and service limitations Product liability Related services and spin-offs†¦show more content†¦She is vice president of operations, and will continue to work until SG opens. Formerly, Heidi was employed as a marketing manager for a real estate company. She will handle all day-to-day operations, buying of supplies and marketing of the business. Custodial service, grounds upkeep, machine servicing and repair and maintenance will either be outsourced or handled by a part-time employee. Venture Market The site of SG is the most important factor in the success of the business. All factors have been considered, and the corner of Leeds Parkway and Dunbrooke Road in Copperville, StateA has been selected. This location is situated on the northwest corner of the intersection of two major thoroughfares in this pivotal bedroom community. This site is particularly well-suited for a car wash. The intersection of these two six-lane thruways is on the northern edge of a busy mini-mall of groceries, sundries and specialty shops. Corporate campuses surround the area, along with upscale multi-family developments of condominiums, duplexes and apartments as well as single-family developments. The closest competitor is a full-service tunnel carwash located an inconvenient 3.5 miles from the center of commercial activity. 4 Venture Operations According to the Car Wash Institute, the self-service car wash industry attributes the following factors to successful operations: ⠝â€" Density of populationShow MoreRelatedCar Wash Business Plan9082 Words   |  37 PagesThe Dirt Buster was designed by entrepreneurs wishing to provide a high quality car wash service in a virtually untapped market. Because new construction is necessary, a large amount of initial capital is required for this venture . * EXECUTIVE SUMMARY * MARKET/MARKETING * BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE * MARKET ANALYSIS * POSITION * FINANCIAL DATA * ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT * MISCELLANEOUS ISSUES * OWNERSHIP * CRITICAL RISKS AND PROBLEMS: DESCRIPTIONRead MoreEssay about Business Plan for a Car Wash3411 Words   |  14 Pages1.0 BUSINESS PROFILE 1.1 Business Description Modern people are very busy and they often neglect to clean their cars, and sometimes the limited living space also is the problem for the people who want to clean their car but they do not have space to clean their car, especially in Taiwan. Therefore, the car wash shops are increasing quickly, and people are happy to send their cars there. In Taiwan, hand-washing cars is more popular, because the customers think using hands to wash is softer. ItRead More Costs, revenue and breaking even Essay811 Words   |  4 PagesINTRODUCTION In this part of the coursework I will be looking at costs, revenue and breaking even. To do this we will have to work out our fixed costs, variable costs, expected total revenue, the amount of cars needed to break even and whether we make a profit or loss. A Business Plan Material and Equipment Fixed costs All of these materials and supplies will be bought from a local D.I.Y shop. * 4 sponges incl. 1 revolving sponge: -  £32 * 4 buckets: -Read MoreBusiness Description1062 Words   |  5 Pagesthis is only for the business plan. If we do this for real, habis la hahaha. The exact address; jalan teknokrat 5 next to old town? This information you can get it from Yvonne. She told me that she found a location. Possibly it is beside to old town or near that area. Is the price for the whole carwash rm8? Or just washing only Th price for our wash will be 10 ringgit. For lorry and trucks, the price will be 15 ringgit. Polish and waxing will be 100 for hatchback and sedan cars. For MPV and SUVRead MoreIntroduction And Summary Of The Business Plan1327 Words   |  6 Pages 1. Introduction and Summary of the Business Plan I have always wanted to run my own business. I now feel that I have found my calling. I have saved up some money to set it up and am ready to start. This is a company that I really passionate and excited about. The business will be named Carleaner and will be a car and bike wash including repairs and waxes. The reason this service will be unique is that instead of you coming to us we will be specialising in fitting around the busy lifestyle of LondonersRead MoreI. Case Title: Sammy’s Motor Repair Shop: in the Beginning1169 Words   |  5 Pagesshop. He prodded his uncle to expand his business but his advice was not heeded. He thinks that the motor repair business is growing steadily. He noticed that the new car models are operated with electronic systems installed in them. Sammy believes that repair and maintenance of the new car models cannot be served adequately by repair shops existing in the area. Sammy immersed himself into learning the care and maintenance of electronic installations in cars. He also acquired the skills necessaryRead MoreWhat I Learned At The School Of Business And Apply As A Manager1480 Words   |  6 Pagesmanager at the wash. I never really wanted to because I didn t want work to interfere with school. However, about 5 weeks ago I took the job offer. I am now a part time manager at the wash soon to be full time. I thought this would be a great opportunity for me to take what I learned throughout the college of business and apply as a manager. Stepping into the managerial role I now get to wear a burgundy shirt rather than blue, get to set my own hours and get set of keys to the wash. However, steppingRead MoreTwin Cities Car Wash Marketing Plan1941 Words   |  8 PagesExecutive Summary Twin Cities Car Wash will be the go to car wash for the Apple Valley, MN area. The car wash options in the area leave much to be desired and Twin Cities Car Wash will be looking to fill that void. No longer will customers have to wait in line at single, automatic washes for a less than stellar wash. Twin Cities Car Wash will offer multiple wash bays that will use top of the line soaps and materials that will leave vehicles spotless. A separate wash bay for boats and recreationalRead MoreInventory Contro;1503 Words   |  7 Pagesapplications are a significant part of its sale, Harvey Industries is primarily an assembler of equipment for coin operated self-service car wash systems. The typical car wash is of concrete block construction with an equipment room in the center, flanked on either side by a number of bays. The cars are driven into the bays where the owner can wash and wax the car, utilizing high-pressure hot water and liquid wax. A dollar bill changer is available to provide change for the use of the equipment andRead MoreMcs: Olympic Car Wash603 Words   |  3 PagesManagement Control Systems Case: Olympic Car Wash The company and the bonus distribution The Olympic Car Wash Company is situated in Belgium and has 30 locations, each with a general manager. One of the locations is located in Aalst, which will base this assignment. The chief operating officer, Jacques Van Raemdonck, is also responsible for the performances of the locations as well as the distribution of the bonus pools, both being carried out after each quarter. The bonuses are exposed

Acl Reconstruction Graft Information Free Essays

string(40) " often less initial quadriceps atrophy\." Graft report Patellar graft The patellar tendon bone-tendon-bone graft has been the â€Å"gold standard† graft choice for ACL reconstructions since it became common practice in the mid-1980. It has been used extensively by surgeons since that time and still remains the graft of choice for a high number of orthopedists who perform this surgery regularly. The patellar tendon graft has consistently demonstrated excellent surgical outcomes with a 90-95% success rate in terms of returning to pre-injury level of sports. We will write a custom essay sample on Acl Reconstruction Graft Information or any similar topic only for you Order Now A patellar tendon graft is harvested through a 3-4†³ long incision based just along the medial border of the tendon†¦ The middle third of the tendon 10-11 mm wide is then removed along with 2-2. 5 cm long bone blocks still apart of the tendon at each end of the graft from the tibial tubercle and the outer surface of the patella. This gives a composite bone-tendon-bone graft that has very strong insertion points of the tendon soft tissue into bone. The tensile strength of this graft has been measured by Noyes (1984) to be about 2950 Newton’s to failure, versus the strength of an intact ACL at 2160 N. What happens to the remaining patellar tendon after a third of it has been removed? Over the course of three to four months after surgery the tendon regenerates or â€Å"grows back†. Initially it seems to overgrow into a thick, large tendon that then remodels back to a more normal contour by 12-18 months postoperatively. Surgeons have even been able to re-harvest another patellar tendon graft from the original tendon once enough time has passed for tendon reconstitution (although there’s now evidence that this repaired tissue may not be as strong as normal patellar tendon tissue). Patellar tendon ruptures at the donor site are unlikely after the first few months post-op. Patellar tendon ruptures can and do occur however during the initial 6-8 weeks after surgery if the remaining tendon is stressed too hard. One of the advantages of this construct is that because the bone-tendon interface is quite strong, the surgeon only has to fix the block of bone in the bone tunnel rather than trying to fix the soft tissue itself. A headless screw is inserted next to the bone plug (like a square peg in a round hole) to interference fit and locks the bone in place. The patellar tendon fibers are thereby immediately secured and are stable enough to begin motion and weight bearing when tolerated. The ends of the graft heal bone-to-bone in around 6-8 weeks, which appears to be quicker than the healing process for soft tissue-to-bone. Interference screws are now available in a bioresorbable material that actually dissolves within the bone over 2 to 3 years. The â€Å"gold standard† graft isn’t perfect, however. There may be more pain associated with this donor site than from any of the other graft choices. As a result there is sometimes a greater initial atrophy or wasting response of the quadriceps muscle compared to say either a hamstring or cadaver allograft. This can require more prolonged physical therapy to recover from and could possibly delay the initial return to sports. The incision (scar) is bigger, and almost all patients end up with a permanent loss of sensation 2-3†³ in size just lateral to the incision. There is a risk of patellar tendon ruptures, as well as fracturing the patella both intraoperative as well as postoperatively, although bone grafting the defect in the patella at the time of surgery has reduced the incidence of the latter. Patients who kneel a lot for a living are often unhappy with the patellar tenderness and sensitivity that can occur at the incision site and should probably consider an alternative graft choice. One of the bigger issues with patellar tendon grafts that recently has a number of orthopedists switching to alternative grafts is the incidence of anterior knee pain when patients try to resume athletic activities. Specifically there are some studies5 showing an increased rate of patellofemoral pain and/or tendonitis of the patellar tendon with stairs, jumping, skiing and other such activities 6-12 months out from surgery. Ultimately these are often treatable with continued strengthening, rest from sports, and time, but these symptoms can delay the expected time of return to sports. In summary, the patellar tendon BTB graft is a safe and effective option for ACL reconstruction. It has a consistently successful clinical track record at all levels of athletic activity with excellent outcomes and reproducible results. Its major disadvantages are primarily increased tenderness kneeling on the donor incision site, and the possible risk of problems with patellar and patellar tendon pain upon initial return to sports. Semitendinosus Semitendinosus grafts are made with the semitendinosus tendon either alone, or accompanied by the gracilis tendon for a stronger graft. The semitendinosus is an accessory hamstring (the primary hamstrings are left intact), and the gracilis is actually not a hamstring, but an accessory adductor (the primary adductors are left intact as well). The two tendons are commonly combined and referred to as a four strand hamstring graft, made by a long piece. which is removed from each tendon. The tendon segments are folded and braided together to form a quadruple thickness strand for the replacement graft. The braided segment is threaded through the heads of tibia and femur and its ends fixated with screws on the opposite sides of the two bones. Hamstring grafts require a smaller incision and are usually less painful to harvest. Thus the initial postoperative period is often easier and more comfortable with this graft choice. Similarly, because there is no violation of the patellar tendon, there seem to be fewer problems with knee pain during the first few months that a patient is allowed to return to sports. The hamstring incision is away from the patella so patients are usually comfortable kneeling after their reconstruction. Because the quadriceps extensor mechanism isn’t violated with a hamstring harvest there is often less initial quadriceps atrophy. You read "Acl Reconstruction Graft Information" in category "Essay examples" With a quicker return of knee quadriceps strength some surgeons are allowing their fully recovered patients to return to sports a month or two earlier than they might for a patellar tendon BTB graft.. However there have not been any scientific studies examining the tensile strength to failure of a human ACL graft at three months after implantation that would support this approach. Certainly the animal research done on patellar tendon tensile strength in rhesus monkeys suggested that the graft was actually weakest at 3 months out before maturing at 6 months post-surgery. However the truth is that soft tissue-to-bone healing occurs at a slower rate than bone-to-bone healing. A number of surgeons are concerned that this fact is being ignored when patients are placed into an accelerated rehab without allowing extra time for the graft ends to begin to heal to the bone tunnels another disadvantage of hamstring tendon grafts is that harvesting them is a technically demanding procedure that requires considerable surgical experience. Pitfalls such as transecting (cutting in half) a tendon or injuring nerves or ligaments in the area of dissection are possible during the stripping process. There is also a different technique for tensioning the hamstring tendon in the knee once the femoral end has been secured. The graft needs to be pre-tensioned and it’s important that each of the four graft ends be individually tensioned during the tibial fixation for best results. Allographs Another alternative available however is to use tissue from a cadaver that is called an allograft. Patellar tendon, hamstring tendon, and even Achilles tendon allografts can be used as ACL graft tissues and are inserted and fixed with the same techniques that are used for autografts. The advantages of using cadaver graft tissue are obvious; no risks, pain, or scars from the donor site. Surgical time is quicker and because there is considerably less discomfort postoperatively, the incidence of joint stiffness and atrophy of the quadriceps muscle is significantly reduced. Allografts are a good choice when there are limitations in a patient’s own tissue availability. Complicated multiple ligament reconstructions needing several grafts routinely require the use of allograft tissue in addition to an autograft. Revision ACL reconstructions where an autograft has already been harvested are also an indication for using a cadaver grafts.. The biggest concern with using allografts is the risk of contracting a serious infection from the cadaveric tissue. Hepatitis and HIV can be transmitted through these tissues with potentially fatal outcomes. Bacterial infections are also a possibility and although not usually life threatening, can result in loss of the graft and cause subsequent arthritis. The dilemma with allografts is that they can’t be 100% sterilized without altering or even destroying the tensile strength of the graft tissue. Imagine what happens to any food that is pressure-cooked at temperatures over 270 ° F under pressure for 10 minutes and you’ll understand what happens to a patellar tendon graft sterilized in an autoclave. Similarly, radiating grafts with high enough doses to kill viruses has been shown to alter the collagen tissue and reduce the graft’s tensile strength. Currently the preferred allograft treatment technique is a fresh frozen graft; the tissue is harvested, cleaned and then frozen in liquid nitrogen. The cadaver is screened extensively with hepatitis and HIV testing as well as a life style analysis to identify any high-risk behavior for these illnesses. Blood tests for HIV, however, are not infallible because they can lag 6 months between the time of infection and the conversion to a positive test. Nevertheless, the process is fairly safe and the published rate of contracting HIV from these tissue allografts is between 1 in 1. 2 to 2 million. There are some graft procurement companies who are able to do actual direct HIV viral testing on their tissues which lowers the risks even more. And several companies have developed proprietary cleaning techniques that they claim can guarantee sterility of their graft tissues. Some grafts are also treated with low dose irradiation (1-2 Mrads) in a compromise attempt to provide some degree of sterilization without damaging the tissue characteristics. Unfortunately there are some studies indicating that ACL reconstructions using these tissues may stretch out over time so non-irradiated grafts would be the ideal structural choice if infection were not a concern. Unlike organ transplants, allografts aren’t usually at risk for tissue rejection by the host. This is because there’s very little protein antigen in these washed grafts (the bone ends are completely cleansed of any marrow elements). The majority of the grafts are primarily made up of collagen, which has very low antigenicity. Laboratory studies have shown that there is universally a low grade immune reaction to insertion of these foreign tissues, but this doesn’t appear to be clinically significant in terms of achieving a successful outcome. Bone tunnel widening is sometimes seen with the use of allografts, but similar to the case of hamstring grafts, doesn’t seem to have any significance in terms of functional problems. There are some early studies suggesting that allografts take longer to heal in the knee than comparable autograft tissue. At the same time the patient is recovering from the surgery quicker because of the reduced pain and morbidity of not having donated their own graft tissue. Typically allograft patients will feel like they’re ready to get back into sports in just 3 or 4 months since their full strength and joint mobility are often achieved at that point. The combination of delayed allograft incorporation with an accelerated recovery can obviously spell disaster in terms of the ACL graft stretching or rupturing altogether. So patients with allografts must completely understand the healing process and comply with the temporary restrictions even though they may think their bodies are telling them it’s OK to be doing more athletically. It takes a lot of mental discipline. And obviously it’s a misconception that an athlete can return to sports earlier using an allograft in view of the above. The last disadvantage of allografts relates to the practical issues of cost and availability. There has been a national shortage of patellar tendon allografts due to increasing demand combined a low supply of suitably qualified cadavers. This shortage has been created in part by physicians who routinely use allografts as their first choice for ACL reconstruction grafts in spite of the fact that autograft tissues work wonderfully. Other cadaveric tissues such as hamstrings, Achilles tendons, and even anterior tibialis and posterior tibialis tendons (some of the ankle tendons) are often being used instead of patellar tendons due to this availability issue. Some surgeons simply don’t have ready access to the facilities that procure and process allografts. And allografts are expensive, running anywhere from $2000 to $10,000 depending on the tissue type and your geographic location My Choice If I needed to go into surgery for an ACL reconstruction surgery and I had to choose from one of these graft options, I would choose to go with the semitendinosus graft. I would shy away from the allograft mainly because I am uncomfortable with the whole idea of donor replacements being implanted in my body. Along with the great threat of infection the allograft also tends to be hard to obtain with a nationwide shortage of acceptable cadavers, therefore making them very expensive. When comparing the patellar graft and the semitendinosus graft its hard to find much of a difference in the results, both offer good knee stability with minimal adverse effects after surgery. However, the semitendinosus graft affects a much different and less major tendon group, in return providing less knee related problems after surgery therefore giving it the advantage over the patellar graft in my eyes. How to cite Acl Reconstruction Graft Information, Essay examples

Reservation System in India free essay sample

Reservation System in India The concept of reservation was enshrined in the Constitution to allow the so-called deprived classes to come at par with the so-called privileged ones. The Constitution of India allows this kind of positive discrimination in order to bring about equality of opportunity and status in the society. The founding fathers had never intended Reservation to be a temporary phenomenon. Reservations to the underprivileged were to be extended until they were uplifted socially and stabilized economically. Reservations with the view of helping the deprived classes to gain a better footing and avail equal benefits of an independent and free nation was introduced in the system. Yet, the various governments till now have failed to truly uplift the backward sections of the society and failed to provide them with equal opportunities even after 60 years of independence. Freedom and application of a reservation policy, has changed nothing. In reality, reservation has failed at all fronts. We will write a custom essay sample on Reservation System in India or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Not only has it failed to achieve the desired aim of bringing the non-privileged classes into mainstream, it has marginalised them all the more and deepened the caste system even more. Moreover, reservations is now used not as an effective means of eliminating discrimination but as a vile instrument of increasing the vote-bank. The 93rd amendment and the recent declaration of the government for reservation in institutions of higher education has once again stirred the anger of the youth in general all over the country. The moral ground in favour of reservations still holds good. What is needed is to formulate a well-balanced policy of reservation, which opens equal doors of opportunity to all. Development of one section of the society should not be at the cost of the other section. Development of the society can be possible only if all the sections of the society are given equal opportunities. Opportunity for development should be judiciously distributed among all the sections of society. Opportunity in education, jobs and other fields of life should be equally distributed. The present decision of the government regarding the reservation policy has angered the youth because it triggers the development of one section of the society while pushing another into oblivion. Moreover, as the Supreme Court has put a stay on the implementation, the controversy has deepened. The country seems to be divided into two bi-polar thought streams— one supporting reservations and another dead against it. If one takes a look at the issue objectively one will realize that the intention behind reservations is not faulty at all but it is the implication and the application of it that has proved ineffective. The way reservation has been implemented all these years has deepened and aggravated the caste distinctions in the society, marginalised the poor and the needy and has benefited only the topmost layer of the so called Backward classes. The benefit of reservation has failed to trickle down to the lowest section of the society. Moreover, it has killed the spirit of brotherhood and healthy competition, the desire to surge forward and to work hard. Reservations based on the narrow concept of caste is thus, fundamentally wrong and hence has proved to be a failure. Thus, it is time to introspect, while keeping aside the greed of political mileage and think objectively about where things have gone wrong. It seems that nobody really cares about the welfare of the underdog but wants to gain a bit of the large chunk of political boost for the next elections. Reservation should not be forsaken because, in fact, every one wants that society should develop as a whole and everyone should reap the benefits of development. But reservations instead of being caste-based to meet the political needs of our power hungry politicians, should be based on a more acceptable criteria through which every section of the society is benefited. For instance, it can be based on economic status or anything else that can work truly for our society and state. We should take a lesson from the United States in this regard. It is the most market-oriented country and has a policy of affirmative action. US universities and the government give preference to Black and Hispanic applicants in admission as well as jobs. Yet the US economy remains among the most competitive in the world. The trick lies in undertaking affirmative action by providing incentives rather than quota-based restrictions. The US has long abandoned the quota system for affirmative action. They have put in place a point system under which candidates from among the Blacks, backward regions, immigrants, etc. are given a few extra points in admission and appointment procedures. This leads to nominal increase in the cost of production. The additional points only lead to nominal lowering of standards. In contrast, the quota system can lead to a heavy lowering of standards. Similar, is the case in South Africa where the new constitution envisages a programme of affirmative action. We need to identify the ones who are really needy, downtrodden a nd under privileged. Then, we need to provide them with proper incentives such as education, opportunities and financial backing. After that real talent and hardwork should be awarded and accepted instead of blindly guaranteeing anyone a secure future merely on the basis of caste even though he/she is least deserving. Merit should be the criteria because the country needs the best of its people in order to develop and not those who are harnessing the unmerited and undeserved benefits just because they belong to a section of society which has been luckily marked in the Constitution as under-developed. It is so disheartening to see a well deserving candidate with a promising future to lose out to another less deserving candidate because he happens to be from a reserved section of the society-fortunately or unfortunately. Why should a deserving individual suffer only because he happens to be a part of the so-called privileged class of society-unfortunately or merely because of the faulty policy of the state? Nothing much has changed since the past 60 years proving that we have misdirected our energies in the wrong direction. We have failed utterly in bringing the under-privileged at an equal footing with the rest of the society. Rather, many a times, it seems that the reservation policy tries to avenge the wrong done to the non-privileged all these years. We have successfully paralysed a section of the society permanently and blocked their upward mobility by killing their zeal to work hard and be rewarded. Who will want to work hard if one gets an opportunity and other incentives without burning the midnight oil? Instead of encouraging this kind of lethargy, the policy should be formulated in such a way as to harness the real cream of every section of the society regardless of their caste or community for the betterment of the society. In view of the present scenario, it is needed to keep aside the narrow vote bank politics and think truly for the betterment of the under-privileged and honestly pursue! policies and programmes for their upliftment.